Motivation in Learning Englishl - 3449 Words

MOTIVATION IN LEARNING ENGLISH Argument Learners’ motivation has become more commonly recognized as perhaps the major determining factor for successful learning in general, whether one is a high school student pushing ones way through the battery of required courses needed to graduate, or an adult learner taking distance education courses. In any learning setting, the dynamics of motivation will be different. What will help a high school student sustain motivation may not apply to an adult learner, for example. Similarly, what factors affect and enhance learner motivation in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) setting (in our case) will differ as well. Furthermore, motivation for EFL learners in a middle school or high school class†¦show more content†¦A new acquaintance: ‘ I want to emigrate to Canada, together with my husband, and we have already started the procedures. My husband has a cousin that lives in Toronto, and this will be our destination. My husband speaks English fluently, but I stud ied only Russian and French in school, so, I do have worries about the interview with the immigration officer. Our success depends partly on me being able to prove I will easily integrate into the new country and that I can find a job as soon as possible. Our level of language will influence the amount of money we are asked as a ‘fee’’ A parent: ‘I keep telling my daughter to learn English and I hope she does. She knows I have failed an interview for a job abroad in the constructions field, in Great Britain. Only those who had minimal English knowledge were admitted. One should have English speaking skills nowadays†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ I cannot say I have experience in teaching adults, but I offered a ‘helpful hand’ to some of my close friends eager to ‘start to learn English’ and I could arrive at some conclusions: - Adults in some ways are easy to teach because they have a high degree of extrinsic motivation. They make the choice of taking English classes and sometimes they make a financial commitment to their learning. - In the case of adult beginners the goals (learning a certain piece of language, for example) are easy to perceive and relatively easy to achieve, since everything is new and anything learnt is a success. - With

John Stuart Mill s Utilitarianism - 1553 Words

John Stuart Mill begins the explanation of his version of Utilitarianism by replying to common misconceptions that people hold regarding the theory, and as a result describes his own theory more clearly. The main issue that Mill raises is that people misinterpret the word â€Å"utility† as in opposition to â€Å"pleasure†. However, utility is actually defined as pleasure itself and also the absence of pain. â€Å"Those who know anything about the matter, from Epicurus to Bentham, who maintained the theory of utility meant by it, not something contradistinguished from pleasure, but pleasure itself and the exemption of pain.† (Mill, Utilitarianism, Chapter 2) Mill continues by explaining that once this misunderstanding is corrected, those that comprehend utility, or ‘the greatest happiness principle’, appreciate that â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness† (Mill, Chapter 2). By this account, pleasure and the absence of pain are the only things desirable as ends in themselves; the only inherently â€Å"good† things. Consequently, all other experiences and situations are merely desirable to the extent that they provide a basis or springboard for such pleasures. However, it is still important to understand that utilitarianism doesn’t simply require people to follow what makes them happy in a personal sense. Instead, in Mill’s theory morality is determined by the greatest happiness principle: a moral act is thatShow MoreRelatedJohn Stuart Mill s Utilitarianism1771 Words   |  8 Pages John Stuart Mill s Utilitarianism Throughout Philosophy, morality is a central component. Although, each scholar views the definition of morality differently, the common underlining theme is that of individuals striving to become better and think for themselves. Morality plays a big part in utilitarianism. Many philosophers have defined utilitarianism in a variety of different ways like Jeremy Bentham who believes an action is right if happiness is promoted and wrong if it reverse happiness, includingRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s On Liberty And Utilitarianism Essay2257 Words   |  10 PagesThis essay examines and inspects liberty and order conflict based on the writings of philosopher John Stuart Mill, titled On Liberty and Utilitarianism. We will discuss how his philosophical views on equality as fundamental to what it means to be human. We will interpret John Stuart Mill’s theorist view on equality as fundamental to the good or bad functioning of the state? The question and debate we would also raise will be, is equality be integral the arrangements of power? Lastly, we wouldRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Doctrine And Utilitarianism1802 Words   |  8 PagesThe approach that I strongly agree is the John Stuart Mill’s doctrine and Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is a moral approach that believes `` the supreme principle of morality is to produce as much happiness as possible`` (118). And ``There is in reality nothing desired except happiness`` (118). Utilitarianism evaluates the action according on the amount of happiness. The good action is the one that its result is the most desirable happiness. I choose this approach because I think, if every personRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Utilitarianism Essay1381 Words   |  6 Pagesresult of there being many different theories, some can overlap while others can vary greatly. The two most widely known theories, Utilitarianism and Deontological ethics, greatly conflict with each other. They differ mostly in what they value most, the outc ome vs. the action/motive. John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism itself differs from the original form of Utilitarianism created by Jeremy Bentham. Bentham felt that pleasure was wholly good, and that pain to the lone evil in the world, as he said, â€Å"NatureRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Utilitarianism1642 Words   |  7 Pagesa wide range of interpretations, as well as having no clear meaning. John Stuart Mill, an English philosopher, based his controversial sentiments of happiness on Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism, believing that goods are the means to greatest happiness for the greatest number of peoples. Epicurus, an Ancient Greek philosopher, who similarly encouraged people to follow his pleasure based philosophy to obtain happiness. Unlike Mill, Epicurus’ philosophy is based on individualistic hedonism, which oftenRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Book, Utilitarianism870 Words   |  4 PagesIn John Stuart Mill’s book, Utilitarianism (1863) he challenges many critics that are against his theory. One of which is the claim that Utilitarianism is a swine doctrine. They interpret the theory by saying a humans ultimate goal in life, is that of a swine; pleasure in the absence of pain. It is quite an understandable remark, but definitely is an over analyzed critique, in my opinion. Mill however replies to the critics in grave detail, defending his theory. Although many strengths and weaknessesRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Version Of Utilitarianism2088 Words   |  9 Pagespain is the only thing undesirable as an end. Everything else is good or evil as it tends to promote pleasure or pain*. I will argue that pain should be considered as a means as well as an end and show that this is consistent with John Stuart Mill’s version of Utilitarianism. Conjoining the consideration of pain as a means and the notion of association of ideas, I will give what I hope is a unique explanation as to why higher pleasures are so often considered supe rior to lower pleasures. Finally IRead MoreUtilitarianism And Its Flaws Of John Stuart Mill s Defends Utilitarianism Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesEthics from a Global Perspective 7 December 2016 Utilitarianism and its Flaws John Stuart Mill’s defends utilitarianism, an ethical theory according to which, as he puts it, â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness† (155 Ethics). In other words, actions are morally right if they make us happy and actions are morally wrong if they make us unhappy. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory in which an action is morally rightRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Moral Theory Of Utilitarianism1514 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Stuart Mill wrote on his moral theory of Utilitarianism, which many have refuted by explaining that it failed to respect the dignity and worth of human beings. Mills theory of utility bases an actions morality on its ability to create the maximum amount of happiness. Happiness as described by Mill, is the maximization of pleasure over grief. Some critics have even said that Mill’s theory degraded humans to swine as it belittled morals to come from pleasu res of the body that even animals hadRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Utilitarianism And Immanuel Kant s Categorical Imperative1487 Words   |  6 Pagesthemselves with, but two major categories of moral philosophy are the most popular and the most debated. These are John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism and Immanuel Kant’s Categorical Imperative. In looking at the three trolley cases, one can align themselves with either Mill, Kant or create their own perspective. Utilitarianism is defended by Mill in his writing entitled Utilitarianism. This method of deciphering good versus bad is rather simple. The Principle of Utility states that â€Å"Actions are

Twelfth Night, 3.1.1-26 Free Essays

Michael Nodurft English 208 Mrs. Walter Twelfth Night, 3. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Twelfth Night, 3.1.1-26 or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1-26 Jan. 30 2007 True Lies Reading this conversation between Viola and Feste the clown there is definite multiple meanings to each of the words that they both say. You can tell that Viola’s wit is matched to Feste’s which makes this conversation so cleverly written. This passage offers pun’s to the audience who understand that Cesario is truly Viola. And have Feste hinting that he knows Viola’s hidden identity. This passage offers hints to the truth of the Viola and the fact that Feste is truly not the fool that everyone believes he is. In this passage I will prove that this conversation is crucial to the plot, and defines beoth of these characters roles. When Feste enters the room he is playing his pipe and tabor, and is being his normal fool self. The first couple lines are normal speech when Viola asks, â€Å"Dost thou live by thy tabor? †3. 1. 1-2 I like how Viola used the word tabor because it is the perfect description of Feste personality, the way he is always playing games with people for money. When Feste’s witty remarks are matched by Viola, Feste begins his more intellectual wittiness. â€Å"A sentence is but a cheverel glove to a good wit,†3. . 10-11 In this sentence you tell that there is a deeper meaning when Feste is talking about a glove. The way that Feste describes the glove to Viola is interesting because when a person uses a glove it is normally hiding the hand. Feste has stumble onto a crucial part of the play making the plot much sweeter for the audience because they know t he truth about Viola and he doesn’t; Cesario is the glove to Viola. This is perfect not only is the fool being a mocked in the play; his fooling is now involving the audience making subtle hints of something he does not know. The next line Feste says is â€Å"How quickly the wrong side may be turned outward. †3. 1. 11-12 I like this comparison between the glove turning outward and Viola trying to keep her cover, because Viola doesn’t know what Feste knows. Another note that I stumbled on when reading this scene was the fact that Feste repeated the word â€Å",Sir,† when he was addressing Viola. When you look into Feste’s lines it is almost like he is mocking the word sir by putting a coma before and after. I can see the imagery of Feste’s face when he pauses and announces â€Å",sir,† I can see his eyes looking into Viola’s almost jesting that he knows that she is not truly a sir but a woman. It seems like Feste knows a lot but I don’t really think he entire understand it yet. So for the audience who knows Cesario is a woman, it is quite enjoyable seeing Feste sort of stuck in the dark and not truly understanding everything. This is how Feste obtains both the fool in the play and to the audience. Another idea that I have thought about was what is Feste hiding? Feste is the loveable fool that plays tricks for money, but is that his true nature? I believe that the â€Å"glove† sentence applies to both characters Viola and Feste. Viola is trying to keep her cover, but one slip up and she could be uncovered causing terrible trouble. On the other hand Feste, if his cover of being a fool is blown then he has no way of living. If one was thinking hard about this speech Feste is talking about himself. Being witty and fun, but at the same time scared to let his more intelligent side out. He has to purposely put himself outside of the box so that no one can understand his true meaning of life. The way that this passage is put together it is not rhythmic at all. The lines don’t flow together like other parts of the play. There is no iambic pentameter is these sentences they are either too long, or too short. I think that Shakespeare purposely made these lines uncut and off rhythm for a reason. This reason is that Feste is a fool and is always being witty never making a direct point. Viola is fooling right back and not being entirely serious as well. From a literary stand point having the fool talk in such a manner makes them both out of the box or â€Å"party†. It makes sense that Feste talks in such a manner in the play, but I like how Viola’s lines are almost the reiterating the argument that Feste and Viola are very similar characters with their wit. I have showed the evidence threw out my paper proving the idea that Feste and Viola are very much alike. I have shown you the style on how they talk to each other using the wit to the best of their abilities. I have proved the non rhythmic lines that complement the fact that both characters are intelligent fools that think they know what they are talking about but are still in the dark. The fact that Feste is messing with Viola the way he does, shows that he has some knowledge on her true identity. The way that Feste mocks Viola makes this passage so important to the plot of the play because of the funny pun’s it gives the audience; hinting at the fact that Cesario is the glove to Viola. All of this evidence digs deeper into this passage and pulls out the hidden pun’s and messages that you couldn’t see with one glance, and enriches the story with hidden thoughts. Shakespeare, William. â€Å"Twelfth Night. â€Å"The Norton Shakespeare based on the oxford edition. 1997. How to cite Twelfth Night, 3.1.1-26, Essay examples

Business Law Pharmaceutical Society

Question: Discuss about the Business Law for Pharmaceutical Society. Answer: Introduction: The formation of a valid contract requires in the first place an offer that is valid, the willingness of the parties contracting in line with the specific terms are defined by it. Further, the main intent behind these terms is to ensure that the offer becomes binding on the persons as soon the same are accepted. In the case of Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemicals, it was opined that the products which the shops display are for customers to choose from however offer would only be there when an offer is made by the customer for buying. In the given case, Alan is the intent of buying liquor and goes to a shop with liquor on display. Thus since he had gone to the shop and was looking at the different types of liquor available, it indicated that there was the invitation to treat. Though normally such a case would lead to there being an intention for creating a relationship that is legal (legal intention) however that is not the case in the given situation. The of feror, in this case, is Ben has made to Alan, who insisted on buying Russian Vodka a counter offer. Thus, affirming the fact that there has been a nullification of the invitation to treat factor. However since Alan was insisting on buying only Russian distilled vodka it was assured by Ben, as an offeror, that the product that was being supplied by him was the product that Alan required. As had been held in the case of Bannerman vs. White (Bannerman vs. White, 1861) that when there is the specific term that has been communicated to the offeror by the offeree the same shall be held to be binding on the offeror. Thus in the given scenario there is an offer that has been made which is in furtherance of the intention. There has been acceptance by Alan of the offer that Ben has been, and he has paid the consideration for buying of the three bottles of items that he preferred. This payment was acknowledged by Ben by way of a receipt which stated that "Product sold are not refundable nor the seller responsible for the safety of the Products thus being a proof of a valid transaction. Legal capacity is an essential element of a valid contract meaning thereby a person who is a minor (in Singapore from March 3009 the age of the minor is 18 years) or a person who is incapacitated mentally cannot form a valid contract. Isn the given case of Ben and Alan, it has been mentioned that Alan is an avid drinker, therefore, it is not possible for Alan to be minor and it is assumed that he has attained the legal age. Therefore Alan being the offeree is an adult. On the other hand, Ben who is the offeror is an employee though the legal working age in Singapore is 14 years however it has not been stated in the case study that Ben is a minor. Therefore an assumption is made that he has attained the legal age. Further it can also be noted from the situation that both Ben and Alan are not mentally incapacitated since Ben was able to explain to Alan the drinks that were available with him and Alan was able to put forth the specific preference that was required by him with respect to the drinks and was able to carry the whole transaction out without any issues. Thus since they have both attained legal age and both are not incapacitated legally they would hence be bound by the contract formed between them. Thus taking into account that there has been a valid offer and acceptance, there was an intention to form a legal relationship, payment of consideration, as well as the fact that there existed the legal capacity to enter into the contract. There has been a valid contract between Ben and Alan. However, it can be further observed that though Ben had reassured on the quality of the product, there was misrepresentation on his part which led to consequences that proved dangerous. Thus this representation on his part amounts to cheating. Thus since this is the contract which has been induced by way of misrepresentation the same maybe set aside. In this case, Ben who is the seller is a liquor shop's salesperson, and he has sold either on purpose of unknowingly liquor that that is illicit to Alan, who is the buyer. In the case of Rowland v. Divall (Rowland v. Divall, 1923) it was opined by the court if any items possession is by way of unethical method or means that are illegal the it would not be deemed to be justifiable. It is thus necessary to provide what has been insisted thus since Alan had already described that he needed Russian Vodka and Ben had reassured that the same was being provided thereby attracting section 13(1) of the Sale of Goods Act (Act). However, in the given situation Ben is only a salesperson of the store it is probable that he sold the illicit liquor unintentionally. It is not possible for Ben to make out with naked eyes it is an illicit alcohol. It was not until the alcohol had been consumed by Alan and his friends drank the drink there was no suspicion that was raised regarding the quality of the product. Thus unless there was scientific testing of the drink it could not have been proved that it was not safe to drink. Thus as per section 14(2A) the product meets the satisfactory quality under Section 14(2B) since any reasonable man would have concluded the same (Compact Metal Industries Ltd v PPG Industries (Singapore) Ltd ([2006] SGHC 242, National Foods Ltd v Pars Ram Brothers (Pte) Ltd [2007] 2 SLR(R) 1048). However notwithstanding anything under section 14(2B) of the Act, there can be a case which is brought under the section 14(3) of the Act since it is necessary for the product that was purchased to serve the purpose that it had been purchased for. In the case of Frost v. Aylsbury (Frost v. Aylsbury Dairy Co. Ltd., 1905), it had been held that where the drinks were bootleg they were not considered fit for purpose and hence the purpose was defeated. Further in the situation wherein it is required by the buyer that there are certain qualities which are required by the good to possess that are special and it is made known to the seller regarding the same then under section 14(3) the standards would apply which are much higher than those who have been placed under section 14(2). In such a case there would be liability upon the seller even if there is the general satisfaction with the quality of the product (National Foods Ltd v Pars Ram Brothers (Pte) Ltd, 2007). Thus it may be held ultim ately that charges are faced by Ben. The receipt is only an acknowledgement by a party that they have received from the individual who has been mentioned on the receipt the payment which has been mentioned in the receipt. Receipt forms only the prima evidence that there exists between the parties a contract. The receipt is a mere acknowledgement and not any contract's express term. Thus what has been printed on the receipt which has been given to Alan by Ben there is presumption which is clear that it is not contractual in nature, and there is no effect that is legal which is attached to the same. It is only when terms are implied either during of before the formation of the contract either by writing or orally the same can be deemed to be contractual in nature. However with respect to the receipt, it is after the contract that the term is incorporated. In the case of Olley v. Marlborough Court case (Olley v. Marlborough Court Hotel, 1949), it had been held that for a term to be considered a being incorporated in the contract, it is necessary that the notice of the same should have been given either at the same time or before the formation of the contract (Articles and conditions of building contract, 2011). In the case of Alan and Ben, the receipt was issued after the consideration had been given thus it is only after the formation of the contract that the receipt was provided thus making it post-contractual in nature, therefore, making it an invalid receipt that is not binding legally. Also in the case of Parker v. SE Railway Co. (Parker v. SE Railway Co., 1877), 1877 the ju ry had opined that not reading the conditions of the ticket is reasonable since it is only a receipt and receipt is not a part of a contract, and exclusion clause can only be in the contract. Reasonableness is another factor that needs to be taken into account when ti comes to exclusion clause. Where the product sold by Ben came with a receipt that stated Product sold are not refundable nor the seller responsible for the safety of the products. it is a generic statement which has been mentioned thus being limitless and denies the wrongdoings and the responsibility related to it. Thus being a term that is unreasonable it would not be enforceable. As it was opined in the case law of George Mitchell v Finney Lock Seeds (1983) (George Mitchell v Finney Lock Seeds, 1983) that the breach would not be discovered by the buyer unless there was processing or consumption and thus are unreasonable clause and can be strike down under section 6(3) of the UCTA. The drink had been bought by Alan for entertaining his friends. Thus as per the principle of neighbour the friends of Alan who are drinking the alcohol bought from Ben qualify as neighbours. There is proximity that is close between Ben and friends of Alan since there is the likelihood of Alan's friends drinking that vodka as well. Thus there is the duty of care that is owed in a situation where it can been reasonably foreseen that due to any omission or act of the defendant harm may be caused to the plaintiff (Donoghue v Stevenson, 1932). It was in the case of Donoghue v. Stevenson that the principle of product liability was established stating that even in cases where there was no proximity there existed between the parties a duty to care. It was foreseeable that the boot leg vodka would cause on consumption harm to Alan and his friends. In the landmark case of Wyong Shire Council v Shirt (1980) (Wyong Shire Council v Shirt, 1980), the test of objectivity test determines harm's foreseeability which would be a possible result of the action of the defendant. Therefore there was a duty of care that was owed towards Alans friends by Ben and since he did not comply with the same Alans friends had to suffer health complications. Holding the case under the Chapter 53B of the "Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act" would benefit the Friends of Alan where there is enforcement provision of the third party contract terms. The friends will be able to qualify under it under the aspect of neighbourhood principle and shall have the remedy under this Act (Holly, 2016). There is also the relation between the negligence of Ben and the harm caused to the Alan's friends. It is necessary under causation that harm's necessary condition should be negligence, and it is within the scope of liability of the defendant that harm is falling. The causation and remoteness issues are tended to separately, the test which is key is the but for test which questions whether the loss would have been sustained but for the defendant's negligence. In the case of Barnett v. Chelsea and Kensington HMC (1969) (Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington, 1969) is a leading case in this respect wherein it was stated if not for the fact that there were doctors to attend the patient the patient would have survived. Thus in case of Alan's friends the liquor that had been supplied by Ben had it not been for this harmful alcohol they would not have fallen sick, and hence the harm is within Ben's scope of liability.s However considering the various aspects, in my opinion, it is more probable that the case will be in favor of Alan and his friends since there is the duty on Ben to check the vodka's labels before selling them to ensure such incidents do not occur. References Articles and conditions of building contract.(2011). Singapore. Bannerman vs. White, 10 CBNS 844 (1861). Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington, HMC (1969). Donoghue v Stevenson, AC 562, 580. (1932). Frost v. Aylsbury Dairy Co. Ltd., 1 KB 608 (1905). George Mitchell v Finney Lock Seeds, 2 AC 803 (1983). Holly, L. (2016). An overview and analysis of the National Unfair Contract Terms Provisions.Epublications.bond.edu.au. Retrieved 23 June 2016, from https://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1396context=law_pubs Neyers, J., Bronaugh, R., Pitel, S. (2009).Exploring contract law. Oxford: Hart Pub. Olley v. Marlborough Court Hotel, 1 KB 532 (1949). Parker v. SE Railway Co., 2 CPD 416 (1877). Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd., 1 Q.B. 401 (1953). Rowland v. Divall, 2 KB 500 (1923). Wyong Shire Council v Shirt, HCA 12 (1980).