Cold Blood Essay Example For Students

Human Trafficking in Thailand Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Human Trafficking in Thailand - Research Paper Example This article investigates a few cases wherein human dealing happens. A portion of the cases are whereby individuals are persuaded into going to different nations with the guarantee of showing signs of improvement employments and agreeable lives. Generally, it generally ends up being false. This setting talks about many laborers from Thailand being guaranteed high wages by the California based organization named Global Horizons Inc and as opposed to paying them little to nothing while at the same time treating them like rubbish, taking their travel papers on appearance and compromising expelling. Human dealing is one of the most risky types of separation. Thailand encounters significant difficulties as a source, section and goal nation on human dealing predominantly ladies and youngsters. The inclination of dealing for authorized work is ascending in level in the rural, development and angling associations. Human dealing is a cutting edge reporter of subjugation. Contradicting their w ill, a great many individuals around the world are implemented to work to support others. For example, by turning out to be homeless people, whores, working in sweatshops, inadvertent subjugation or in any event, transforming into kid troopers. Individuals that are dealt are normally subjugated or in conditions of obligation mistreatment that are tricky and harsh. Dealers will divert or abuse the central human privileges of their casualties, who most conceivably have been deceived and lured by counterfeit guarantees or genuinely authorized into their conditions. Dealing is a normal practice to persuade individuals to leave their homes and move to neighboring nations that are wealthier where they can work in administrations like local administrations, grown-up care or server and servers in cafés. Upon appearance, their travel papers, visa, and return licenses are detracted from them, effectively; these individuals are detained, either substantial or monetarily or mentally. The dealt individuals are made to work as family slaves or as horticultural or mechanical unit laborers, in slave-like conditions.

8 Ways to Be a Better Storyteller When Youre Anxious

8 Ways to Be a Better Storyteller When You're Anxious Do you know how to tell a story so that you engage your listener? If you have social anxiety, you might not have much experience telling stories. Your fear of being the center of attention has probably held you back from offering more than a sentence or two at a time. Although you might never become a grand storyteller or have people hanging on your every word, you can certainly learn how to tell interesting anecdotes in the best way to engage your listeners. 8 Ways to Push Through Anxiety to Become a Better Storyteller Try these tips for becoming a better storyteller. Choose the Appropriate Time and Audience Be mindful of who you are telling your story to before you start. Also, think about the timing of when you tell a story. For example, you shouldnt be telling stories with adult content when there are children present. Although you dont want to overthink things and make yourself too anxious about being appropriate, you need to consider these issues as well. Use a Hook to Engage the Listener When you start telling a story, do you begin with boring details? Do you start out describing what you had for lunch that day? Dont be surprised if people quickly tune you out if you dont hook them right away. The best way to engage your listener is to provide a hook that makes them want to know more. You might say something like You would never believe what happened to me today, or I have the craziest story to tell. Draw your listeners in right from the start so that they are waiting for what you have to say. Your job as a storyteller is not just to describe events but to make them interesting enough to be worthy of a story that you want to tell others. Keep It Concise There is nothing worse than listening to someone ramble on with a story that seems to have no end and no point. If you tell these types of stories, you might soon find your audience nodding off. Keep your audience interested and intrigued by sticking to important details and making your story as concise as possible. Use colorful words to convey your message instead of going into excruciating detail. Highlight Emotional Elements Engage the listeners emotions. Whether you evoke happiness, sadness, surprise or anger, eliciting emotions helps to keep the listener attentive. Your story will also come alive if you include emotional elements. Rather than just sticking to the facts, be sure to talk about how you felt and how others felt, as a result of the events that took place. Dont Rush If you have social anxiety, you might be tempted to rush through your story to get it over with. Try to practice telling your story at a reasonable pace. Go slow so that your listeners have time to digest what you have to say. If you arent sure whether you are speaking too fast, try recording your voice or taking a video, or even asking a family member or friend about your rate of speech. Poke Fun at Yourself and Nobody Else Saying funny things about yourself during a story is a great way to make your listeners comfortable. But dont poke fun at those around you.  Dont tell stories that make others feel bad about themselves or have to stick up for themselves. Telling a story that gets a laugh at the expense of someone else shows thoughtlessness and selfishness. Vary Your Rate of Speech and Volume In addition to making sure that you arent speaking too quickly, you should also try to vary the rate of which you speak. Speed up for the exciting parts and slow down to add drama. You can also speak quietly or loudly in different parts of the story to add emphasis to what you say. Just make sure that you dont speak so quietly that others have trouble hearing you. Ask Listeners to Imagine Part of your job as a storyteller is to paint a picture for your listeners. Ask them to imagine something specific in your story. Can you picture me... is a good phrase to get you started. Remember that even the greatest storytellers practice beforehand. Dont be afraid to practice your story multiple times before taking it out in public. You will gain confidence and also have a chance to iron out any of the issues noted above.

5 formas de obtener la ciudadanía americana

La ciudadanà ­a americana brinda, entre otros derechos, poder vivir y trabajar sin restricciones en los Estados Unidos y viajar con el pasaporte de ese paà ­s. Es muy comà ºn pensar que la nacionalidad estadounidense sà ³lo se obtiene si se nace en el paà ­s, pero eso es una idea equivocada. De hecho, son 5 los posibles caminos para obtener la ciudadanà ­a americana: nacimiento, sangre, naturalizacià ³n, derivacià ³n o adopcià ³n. A continuacià ³n, los requisitos para cada caso. Ciudadanos de EE.UU. por nacimiento en ese paà ­s La forma mà ¡s comà ºn de adquisicià ³n de la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense es por jus soil que es por nacimiento en cualquiera de los 50 estados que componen los Estados Unidos de Amà ©rica o en alguno de sus territorios como, por ejemplo, Puerto Rico, Islas Và ­rgenes Americanas, Guam y las Islas Marianas del Norte. Casi todos  los nacidos en Estados Unidos son ciudadanos americanos. La excepcià ³n son los hijos de padres extranjeros que se encuentran temporalmente en EE.UU. trabajando como diplomà ¡ticos para el gobierno de otro paà ­s. Ello se debe a que los diplomà ¡ticos no està ¡n sujetos a la jurisdiccià ³n de Estados Unidos.   La ciudadanà ­a americana para el resto de los nacidos en el paà ­s està ¡ protegida por la Enmienda 14 de la Constitucià ³n. No importa el estatus migratorio de los padres. Si un bebà © nace en Estados Unidos o en uno de sus territorios el nià ±o es estadounidense aunque uno o los dos padres sean indocumentados. En este punto cabe destacar que es importante obtener cuanto antes el certificado de nacimiento del nià ±o, el Nà ºmero del Seguro Social y, si es posible, el pasaporte estadounidense. Si un menor sale de EE.UU. sin pasaporte de este paà ­s podrà ­a tener mà ¡s tarde problemas para regresar como estadounidense si no es posible probar que la madre estaba en EE.UU. en la fecha de nacimiento o si se le cambian los apellidos o el nombre al nà ±o y no coinciden exactamente con los de su certificado de nacimiento americano. Tambià ©n se està ¡n dando problemas en el caso de menores estadounidenses hijos de indocumentados que salen de EE.UU. ellos solos y con pasaporte americano y à ©ste expira estando en otro paà ­s. En este caso podrà ­a haber problemas para renovarlo porque los padres indocumentados siguen en EE.UU. y no pueden presentarse con el nià ±o al consulado o a la embajada para pedir su renovacià ³n. La consecuencia de este problema es que el nià ±o podrà ­a no obtener su pasaporte para regresar a EE.UU. Finalmente, una aclaracià ³n a las personas de otros paà ­ses que pueden considerar venir a Estados Unidos a dar a luz para asà ­ asegurarse el pasaporte estadounidense para el recià ©n nacido. Es una prà ¡ctica que sà ­ se realiza, pero conviene saber que el oficial migratorio puede impedir el ingreso a mujeres embarazadas extranjeras si no pueden probar que tienen cà ³mo pagar por un parto. Ademà ¡s, deben conocerse los  riesgos de tener un hijo en Estados Unidos con visa de turista y resaltar que los menores estadounidenses no cambian la situacià ³n migratoria de sus padres. Para que un hijo pueda pedir a sus padres es necesario que tenga 21 aà ±os de edad y, ademà ¡s, se cumplan otros requisitos. Ciudadanà ­a americana por naturalizacià ³n La naturalizacià ³n es un trà ¡mite por el que un extranjero que es residente permanente legal  solicita voluntariamente la ciudadanà ­a americana.   La mayorà ­a de las naturalizaciones tienen lugar cuando un residente permanente legal solicita la ciudadanà ­a cinco aà ±os despuà ©s de haber conseguido la green card  o de tres aà ±os si està ¡n casados con un estadounidense. Ademà ¡s, hay casos especiales de naturalizacià ³n: Ciudadanà ­a americana por los abuelosCiudadanà ­a para militaresAlgunos casos de adopcià ³n Se estima que en la actualidad aproximadamente ocho millones de residentes permanentes legales cumplen los requisitos para solicitar la ciudadanà ­a por naturalizacià ³n. Muchos no lo hacen porque le tienen miedo al examen de conocimientos histà ³ricos y cà ­vicos y, muy especialmente, al de inglà ©s. Sin embargo hay que tener en cuenta que existen excepciones y casos en los que  no hay que rendir el examen de inglà ©s durante la naturalizacià ³n. Ademà ¡s, en todo el paà ­s està ¡n presentes organizaciones que dan clases gratis para preparar el examen de ciudadanà ­a. Los ciudadanos naturalizados adquieren, bà ¡sicamente, los mismos derechos que los ciudadanos por nacimiento. Sin embargo, no pueden aspirar a ser presidentes del paà ­s, un privilegio reservado a lo que se denomina natural born citizens. Por à ºltimo, despejar dos dudas muy comunes. En primer lugar,  que en contra de lo que frecuentemente se cree, los ciudadanos americanos por naturalizacià ³n no pierden la ciudadanà ­a si abandonan Estados Unidos y se van a vivir de forma definitiva a otro paà ­s. Esa situacià ³n se daba en el pasado, con otras leyes, pero ya no es asà ­. En segundo lugar, Estados Unidos permite la doble nacionalidad, es decir, no exige que se renuncie a la de nacimiento como condicià ³n para adquirir la estadounidense por naturalizacià ³n. Sin embargo, antes de solicitar la naturalizacià ³n es aconsejable verificar las leyes del paà ­s de origen porque en muchos casos adquirir la ciudadanà ­a de Estados Unidos puede significar perder automà ¡ticamente la del paà ­s de origen. Ciudadanà ­a derivada automà ¡tica para hijos de naturalizados Cuando una persona adquiere la nacionalidad americana por naturalizacià ³n, sus hijos se convierten en estadounidenses de forma automà ¡tica siempre y cuando: Sean menores de 18 aà ±os y residentes permanentes legales. Es decir, sean titulares de su propia tarjeta de residencia.Que vivan con el papà ¡ o la mamà ¡ que se convierte en ciudadano y que à ©ste tenga su custodia fà ­sica y legal de los menores de edad. Esto es asà ­ desde el 27 de febrero de 2001, cuando entrà ³ en vigor la reforma de la Ley de Ciudadanà ­a para Nià ±os, conocida como CCA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s. Esa fecha es muy importante porque las reglas que aplicaban con anterioridad eran diferentes. Por lo tanto, las personas en esa situacià ³n deberà ­an obtener mà ¡s informacià ³n en este enlace sobre cà ³mo probar la ciudadanà ­a americana derivada en estos casos y quà © sucede con las personas en esta situacià ³n con anterioridad a la entrada en aplicacià ³n de la nueva ley. Adopcià ³n por parte de ciudadanos estadounidenses Los nià ±os nacidos en el extranjero que son adoptados por ciudadanos americanos adquieren, por lo general, la nacionalidad de sus padres. Pero existen diversos casos que conviene conocer  ya que es posible en algunos casos que se adquiera la situacià ³n de residente permanente legal. Nacidos en el extranjero cuando los padres son americanos o derecho de sangre Las personas nacidas en otro paà ­s son americanas desde el momento de su nacimiento si el padre, la madre o ambos son estadounidenses. Pero siempre y cuando se cumplan una serie de requerimientos  muy estrictos que son diferentes si ambos padres son ciudadanos, si sà ³lo es uno de ellos y si està ¡n solteros o casados. Las personas interesadas pueden informarse sobre los requisitos que deben cumplirse para transmitir por derecho de sangre la nacionalidad  por padre o madre al hijo nacido en el extranjero, lo que tambià ©n se conoce como derecho de sangre o ius sanguinis. Cuando no se cumplan, en algunos casos todavà ­a serà ¡ posible que el menor obtenga la ciudadanà ­a pero a travà ©s de un abuelo y pasando por un proceso de naturalizacià ³n. Derechos y obligaciones de ciudadanos En Estados Unidos, los ciudadanos gozan de derechos y privilegios reservados para ellos. Por ejemplo, pueden votar registrà ¡ndose previamente, viajar con pasaporte de EE.UU., desempeà ±ar ciertos trabajos federales reservados para ellos, pedir los papeles a mà ¡s familiares que los residentes permanentes, etc. Pero tambià ©n tienen obligaciones que continà ºan a aplicar incluso aunque residan habitualmente fuera de los Estados Unidos, como es, por ejemplo, la de pagar impuestos o, en el caso de los varones jà ³venes, anotarse al Servicio Selectivo. Todos los pros y cons de adquirir la ciudadanà ­a americana deberà ­an tenerse en cuenta antes de adquirirla. Puntos claves: 5 formas de adquirir la ciudadanà ­a americana En la actualidad, existen 5 formas de adquirir la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense:Nacimiento: para todos excepto hijos de diplomà ¡ticosNaturalizacià ³n: cuando un residente permanente legal decide hacerse ciudadano Derivacià ³n: para algunos hijos de los residentes permanentes legales que se convierten en ciudadanos.Adopcià ³n: para nià ±os nacidos en el extranjeros y adoptados por estadounidensesSangre: para nià ±os nacidos en el extranjero hijos de ciudadanos americanos. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Ethical Dilemmas Of The Workplace - 880 Words

There are many ethical dilemmas one can face while in a workplace. Some are easy to handle, while others do not have a quick solution. There are also many different interactions that can take place. Ethical dilemmas involving a request from a boss have proven to be difficult situations to handle. In the workplace, it is vital to have a strong relationship with a boss. This is what makes an unethical request from a boss such a hard situation to be put in. One wouldn’t want to sacrifice the relationship they have with their boss. At the same time however, it is an even stronger battle to fight one’s morals and what they believe to be ethical. In this discussion I will breakdown my strategy of getting out of this specific type of ethical dilemma: my boss will allow me to submit inflated expense reports in order to pocket the extra cash as well-deserved compensation for my contributions. The most important thing when presented with an unethical situation is to buy some time in order to evaluate the situation thoroughly. Situations like this are delicate, so it is important to treat it as such and take some time to determine the best plan of action. Additionally, if pressured to respond in the heat of the moment, one might become unsatisfied with their answer. Either they will agree to the request against their better judgment, or they will falter their way through a timid and uncertain refusal that could be interpreted as offensive (Boogaard). In our hypothetical face-to-faceShow MoreRelatedEthical Dilemmas in Workplace1634 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Dilemmas in Workplace Personal values may conflict with ethical decision making if those personal values are different than the organizational norms of the business or institution. Constructing, and maintaining personal ethics in the workplace rests with the individual, and how willing he or she is in assimilating to the evolving cultural dynamic of the corporate world. Many times a person find their personal, cultural and/or organizational ethics conflicting and must reconcile a course ofRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Of The Workplace1291 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Dilemmas in the Workplace As a manager, you are the role model for staff. You set the standards, adhere to guidelines, and exemplify what you expect staff to model. By doing so, you are establishing and sustaining an organizational culture of ethics and integrity, which is the backbone of all successful endeavors. However, even the best structured organizations face ethical dilemmas in the workplace. It is how management recognizes and addresses these occurrences that will either set themRead MoreWorkplace Ethical Dilemmas931 Words   |  4 PagesWorkplace Ethical Dilemmas Workplace Ethical Dilemmas Ethical dilemmas are what happen when a person is faced with a decision that may press against their personal values or beliefs. At one of my previous jobs, there was a problem with employees conducting their personal business, errands, or hobbies all while on the company’s time. There were many times that people were caught shopping on company computers, playing games or accessing social networking sites, checking personal email accountsRead MoreEthical Dilemma Of The Workplace1213 Words   |  5 PagesLodino, Luiz Sekerka, Leslie Ethical Dilemma A. Identify and summarize key problem(s)/ issue(s): First and foremost Steve, did not consider his job as the best job ever, however he got away with such feeling once he started to create some affinity along his co-workers. Although the other employees were fun, they did not respect the company or management. The environment was loud, laid back in an extreme point where employees did not perform their duty, instead conversations, jokes, music, andRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Of The Workplace1538 Words   |  7 Pages1. Discuss an ethical dilemma that you have had to face in the workplace. Ethical dilemmas often occur when a manager or an employee is faced with two or more conflicting choices. Give as many facts and details as possible in describing your dilemma. The most difficult ethical dilemma I have dealt with was a summer job I had this past summer, while I was working for a bakery in my hometown. This past particular summer really tested what I believe is right and wrong and how to speak up. One of myRead MoreAn Ethical Dilemma in the Workplace780 Words   |  4 PagesAn Ethical Dilemma In The Workplace The Dilemma; An Assistant Teacher, from my Counseling Ministry, has worked for twenty years in many types of school setting and with students from grades Pre-K to High school. During her career, she has encounter unfavorable encounters with her peers, parents and students. One particular incident she received a written reprimand from her supervisor. The supervisor stated she engaged in dishonorable conduct of insubordination. She refuses to abide by the instructionsRead MoreEthical Dilemma at the Workplace1714 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Examine an ethical dilemma that can occur in the workplace Ethical dilemmas are particularly sensitive issues in the workplace because the well-being of the individuals and the organization as a whole are at stake. Employees must feel as though they are being supported and not punished, and should not feel as though they were being put on display; their dignity should always remain intact. This paper examines how, as a high school principle, I would address the issue of one of the high schoolRead MoreWorkplace Ethical Dilemma Paper1064 Words   |  5 PagesWorkplace Ethical Dilemma Paper BSHS / 322 Marcia Winter Introduction Weve all heard the golden rules: In today’s society it is hard to find a good paying job. When one finds a good paying job, that person needs to do whatever he or she can do to keep that job. Ethics can be a problem in a workplace if someone is asked to do something that they do not feel is right. â€Å"Ethics are about making choices that may not always feel good or seem like they benefit you but are the right choices toRead MoreWorkplace Ethical Dilemma Essay1301 Words   |  6 Pages+ Workplace Ethical Dilemma Tanya W. Cooper BSHS/332 Professional, Ethical and Legal Issues in Human Services April 16, 2012 Kathleen Roberts Everyday individuals are faced with issues associated with ethical dilemmas. Ethical dilemmas involve an individual’s behavior toward a moral standard, which may have been established from previous generations and passed along. In upholding the standards taught individual may be forced to take a particular action involving a decision when a behaviorRead MoreEthical Dilemma at Workplace Essay1192 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Introduction – What is an ethical dilemma? Ethics is the term we give to our concern for good behavior.   It is human nature to not only be concerned with our own personal well being, but also that of others and of human society as a whole.   The difference between moral dilemmas and ethical ones, philosophers say, is that in moral issues the choice is between right and wrong.   In ethical ones, the choice is between two rights. Everyday Im faced with decisions of right and wrong, most of which

Project Schedule Free Essays

A Little Horizontal Integration, Please Greg Fry MGMT6109049 University of Maryland University College Bureaucracy consists of an organization characterized by: specific job functions and a strict vertical hierarchical structure. Bureaucratic structure introduced a shift in the archetype of society just before the 19th century. Max Weber, known for his thoughts on capitalism and bureaucracy, contributed greatly to this archetype. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Schedule or any similar topic only for you Order Now The classic bureaucratic model, according to Weber, is described as having such characteristics as: political neutrality, vertical structure, specific job responsibilities, and well-written impersonal documentation, which is used to ensure functional reliability. (Weber M. , 1978) This essay will concentrate on the vertical structure and the rigid tasks and knowledge of the bureaucratic model, to show that an organization can become too big and rigid to be effective in daily tasks. According to Weber, â€Å"bureaucratization offers above all the optimum possibility for carrying through the principle of specializing administrative functions according to purely objective considerations. † (Weber M. , 1958) However, this takes away the human factor, which can hinder an employee from making an effective decision. This is all too clear when looking at the Veterans Benefits Administration, and how they handle their customers. The following diagram depicts the Veterans Benefits Administration Organization (Organization Chart – Veterans Benefits Administration, 2012): pic] Figure 1 The Veterans Benefits Administration organization is a vertically structured government agency. The structure shows how the different regional offices do not have the means to communicate with each other. Figure provided by (http://vacriteria. tpub. com/vba_dg/vba_dg0010. htm). Weber predicted that bureaucracy would triumph because of its ability to ensure more efficient functi oning of organizations in both business and government settings. (Daft, 2010) However, in the case of the Veterans Benefits Administration, Weber may be wrong. The vertical hierarchy and strict rules prevent the different organizations from talking to each other. The example below will show that a large bureaucracy needs to be horizontally integrated along with the vertical structure to allow the employees the freedom to make decisions and communicate properly with other functional areas. A former Air Force member decided to use his GI Bill to continue his education. He started to use his bill while living in the state of Maryland. He then moved to Indiana, where he continued to use the GI Bill without issue. However, during a semester of class, the member needed to drop a class due to job priorities. He contacted the Education Service Organization, as seen in the above chart, to let them know of his issue. They were in agreement that the class should be dropped without penalty. A few months passed, and the member received a letter in the mail from the Eastern Regional office stating that the member owed money due to the dropping of the class earlier. The member called the helpline to explain the situation. The student was told that the regional office is separate from the education services branch and that he should have corresponded with the regional branch instead. The member went up the chain of command within the regional organization, without success. He was advised to protest the decision, which could take up to six months. The frustrated student sent in all the pertinent documents to the review board, which was located in the eastern region. During the protest stage, the member received another letter from the Veteran Administration’s Collections Center. The student was very surprised and contacted the collections center immediately. Once the member was able to reach a person who could help, he tried to explain that he was protesting the decision that was made by the office in the eastern region. The collections officer said that it didn’t matter what he was doing with the eastern region. The collections officer was located in the central region where all non-payments are reported. The student asked if the collections officer could contact the eastern regional representative to clear up the mess that was being created. The answer was â€Å"no† due to the fact that the central and eastern regional offices were not associated with each other, and he had his rules and regulations to follow. After a two year battle, the student ended up having to pay money back to the Administration, along with fees from the collections agency. Rather than focusing on narrow jobs structured into distinct functional departments, the Veterans Benefits Administration should emphasize core processes that cut horizontally across the organization and involve teams of employees working together to serve the customer. Daft, 2010) Weber built these bureaucratic organizations to act like machines and not think; however, bureaucracies could not and cannot act like machines because they consist of human beings. People will simply not imitate machines, although the Veterans Benefits Administration has certainly given it a good shot. Reference Daft, R. L. (2010). Organization Theory and Design (tenth ed. ). Mason, Ohio: Joe S abatino. Integrated Publishing. (n. d. ). Organization chart Veterans Benefits   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Administration. Retrieved January/February 4, 2012, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://vacriteria. tpub. com/vba_dg/vba_dg0010. htm Organization Chart – Veterans Benefits Administration. (2011, October 10). Retrieved Ocotober 12, 2011, from Integrated Publishing: http://www. tpub. com/content/vacriteria/vba_dg/vba_dg0010. htm Weber, M. (1978). Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology (Vol. One). (G. Roth, C. E. Wittich, Eds. ) Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. Weber, M. (1958). Essays in Sociology. (H. H. Gerth, C. W. Mills, Eds. ) New York: Oxford University Press. ———————– UNDER SECRETARY OF BENEFITS OFFICE OF EMPLOYEE DEVELOPMENT TRAINING CHIEF OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT DEP. UNDER SECRETARY FOR BENEFITS OFFICE OF HUMAN RESOURCES OFFICE OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OFFICE OF EXE. MANAGEMENT COMMS EASTERN[pic] REGION CENTRAL REGION SOUTHERN REGION WESTERN REGION REGIONAL OFFICES REGIONAL OFFICES REGIONAL OFFICES REGIONAL OFFICES COMPENSTATION PENSION SERVICE EDUCATION SERVICE LOAN GUARANTY SERVICE COUNSELING SERVICE INSURANCE SERVICE How to cite Project Schedule, Papers

The Relationship Between Religion and Politics in Somalia

Religion is a powerful factor that affects the political activity of the nation. The research focuses on the religious influences on the Somalian political activities. The study focuses on Islam as one of the religions that has triggered the country to unstableness.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Religion and Politics in Somalia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The research includes discussion on Islam as a government benchmark in terms of political policies implemented within and outside the Somalian political environment (Armstrong 27). How religion influences politics in Somalia, especially since the country is unstable. Other Influences on Somalia Religion influences Politics in Somalia, especially since the country is unstable. First, the Islamic leaders espouse the Islamic political system. The system prioritises the Sharia law in all its political policies and procedures. In 2006, the Islamic Courts Union had taken control of the majority of the southern part of the country. Consequently, the sharia law was implemented. However, the Transitional Federal Government fought back to regain its original political hold. With the economic investments from troops arriving from Ethiopia, the African Union peacekeepers and air support by the United States, the Islamic Courts Union were unceremoniously kicked out and the Transitional Federal Government was able to achieve its goal of regaining control of the political environment (Reilly 4). Islamic References After the Islamic Courts Union’s defeat at the hands of the Transitional Federal Government, the union disintegrated into several groups. One splinter group, Al-Shabaab, focused on continuing its Holy War or insurgency against the current government party. The group’s insurgency campaign caused havoc on the nation. Specifically, the group attacked the current Transitional Federal Government’s grabbing of many parts of Somalia from 2007 to 2008 alone. Also, the same Islamic group was very instrumental in ensuring the successful taking control of the internal affairs of Baidoa from the robust Transitional Federal Government’s control in 1998. Second, Jonathan Howe (Clarke 172) emphasized the United States and the United Nations incorporate the religious culture of the current political leaders of Somalia in trying to reduce the tension and bring peace and plenty to the land. The relationship among the countries includes: the United Nations Roster of countries with interest in Somalia’ current and future political and religious environment, the relationship between â€Å"the United States and the U.N. is perhaps the most unique, complex, and essential.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Both the United States and the UN will be critical actors in defining any future role the world organization may play in dealing with massive humanitarian catastrophes resulting from ethnic cleansing, genocide, or human-made starvation. Therefore, it is essential to examine U.S.-UN relations during these entities’ demanding and unprecedented joint effort to help the failed state of Somalia from 1992 to 1995† (Clarke 172). In handling the Somalia political and religious turmoil, such actions clearly indicate that the U.N. and the Unites States approach problems from different perspectives, the United States perspective and the United Nations perspective. The interests, liabilities, and capacities of the United Nations are diverse compared to the interests, liabilities, and capacities of an individual member country. The United States’ and the United Nations’ priorities, for example, are to its constituency. For a nation to act in a democratic manner, it should complete the necessary requirements of its citizens. If a nation experiences severe internal criticism, its government may not be able to sustain an institutional commitment even if the leadership is willing to do so. The U.N. answers to member nations, especially the citizens of Somalia – not to the electorate. For, it would distributed among the 180 member nations of this institution, it is more easily diffused. Conversely, since the U.N. has no domestic constituency, it may become a convenient scapegoat for countries that do. The Somalian government understands the current United Nations prioritizing the United Nations’ member states in terms or prioritizing its scare global resources to alleviate the individual political, economic, processes. Thus, there are other nations that also needed the financial and other attention of the United Nations in terms of brand. Specifically, those who work for the U.N. understandably put priority on protecting the institution and meeting the wishes of a broad consensus of nations. They must res pond to pressures from many different directions. For example, the United Nations may look at a particular crisis in the framework of a global balancing act in trying to meet worldwide demands. A single success or failure among a dozen nation tests that include the Somalia nation test does not necessarily look the same to the United Nations as to the significant nations focusing on the stabilization of Somalia. The United Nations may be willing to trade the United Nations’ assistance in Somalian crisis situation over its help in filling a more significant gap somewhere else.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Religion and Politics in Somalia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Third, Walter Clarke (118) the current religious culture allows the Somalian political process characterized as the foreign military intervention in Somalia. Under the current political environment, the root cause of the shift to the United Nations peacekeeping situation. John Drysdale reiterated â€Å"The idea of having a foreign military presence in Somalia was formulated by the U.N. secretariat at the turn of the year 1991-1992 in response to events in the city of Mogadishu. The former president of Somalia, Siad Barre, had been ousted twelve months earlier. Since that time, the leaders of opposing factions, Mohamed Farah Aideed and Ali Mahdi Mohamed, had conducted a sometimes peaceful, sometimes violent, power struggle. Currently, gunners from both sides were pounding each other’s civilian-occupied areas indiscriminately with heavy artillery and other forms of firepower. The few nongovernment organizations in Mogadishu estimated tens of thousands of casualties sustained by the civilian population† (Clarke 118). The consequences of the United Nations’ response to events in Somalia in 1991 had precipitated to the entrenchment of the United Nations to implement the state ments enshrined in the United Nations Charter in terms of helping beleaguered nations like Somalia. The overthrow of the Aideed and Mahdi after Siad Barre’s overthrow and up to the time of the United Nations answer to the crisis in was an expected consequence. The relationship was maintained by the United Nations secretariat and therefore, was not included in its assessment and plan of action. After the successful outcome of the overthrow of the Siad Barre government, the bitter dispute over political succession to the deposed president, Siad Barre, during the first month of the year 1991(Gebrewold 131).  Fourth, Jamila A. Mubarak (Mubarak 9) proposed the religious culture of the Somalia government affected both the political and economic progress of the nation. â€Å"Somalia is one of the least developed nations in the world. The Somali state incorporates the former Italian Trust Territory of Somalia and British Somali-land, which were united immediately after their indep endence in 1960. Somalia’s per capita gross national income was estimated at only $120 (1987 U.S. dollars) in 1989 and since then has eroded. With a land area of 637,540 square kilometers and a population of about 8 million in 1990, 60% of whom are nomads, Somalia is endowed with few known natural resources, the most promising of which is the oil potential of North Somalia. Agriculture provides the livelihood for about 80% of the population, and accounts for more than 95 % of export earnings and 65 % of the GDP†.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With the current limited pastoral and arable land, insufficient and unpredictable amount of rainfall, as well as inadequate physical and social infrastructure, agricultural output erratically occurs, consequently influencing Somalia’s Gross Domestic Production output.  Many of the newly created African nations during the 1960s, especially Somalia, had very high hopes about whether the effect of such independence could be fruitful or destructive to the economy and politics of each African nation (Froyen 47). Somalia’s social, political, and economic development since independence in 1960 had been affected, more than by anything else, by Somalia’s political makeup and reflected the popular nationalist feelings among the ethnic Somali population in the African territory to come together as one community under the leadership of one person (Pan-Somalism). The other objective had been economical and had no significant aspiration of the Somalian government to raise t he depressive economic condition of its residents.  Since independence, successive governments have found themselves frustrated by these two objectives. Both objectives competed for the narrow resource base of the Somali economy. Governments have juggled them, trying simultaneously to achieve both in order to remain in power. In the first parliamentarian governments of the 1960s, the Pan-Somalism issue, in particular, dominated the political agenda. But successive governments failed to realize the popular expectations, and public dissatisfaction and frustration were widespread. In addition, the religious colour of the political makeup of Somalia can be described as a display of the many significant participants in the warfare in Liberia and Somalia. The political actors held in strict compliance all the activities of the Somalian army with its many sympathizers and other loyal followers. The implementation of a politically viable mixture includes power, legitimacy, authority and r ule. Consequently, the political maneuvering focused on the concept of the Trinitarian war as a valid and useful instructional compliance to comprehend the very spirit as well as continuity in the country’s war efforts. The political nature of the significant Somalian players of power, legitimacy, authority and rule includes the description of power as being operational. Operational means the capacity to affect the rational choices of others. Authority includes the use of legal power to achieve the nation’s goals and objectives. Further, Somalian rule incorporates the persistent maintenance of Somalia’s religion-inspired political situation. Somalian political will includes taking the form of the exercise of democratic rule by the affected individuals or autocratic rule over a huge number of responsibilities placed on the shoulders of the individual leaders. The Somalian trinity of political leadership, army, and people entails that the leading players in the re ligion-inspired political climate actor will be shown to possess a military force and a group of supporters. In addition, religion-inspired political Somalian environment included the armed groups’ use of power. Basically, power, in the two case studies, was used by the armed groups organised by and around, among others, Charles Taylor and Mohammed Aidid in Liberia and Somalia respectively. For the purposes of this study, these two individuals and their followers will be the main focus for analysis. Before it can be proved that these groups exercised power (and authority and rule) after the collapse of the state, it needs to become clear whether they possessed power before the country broke down and where their power was derived from.  Fourth, Isabelle Duyvesteyn (53), proposed Somalia’s political stature includes the implementation of programs that are prioritized in uplifting its economic conditions. Somalia’ political makeup includes the â€Å"the concepts of power, authority and rule were applied to the social organisation or faction itself†¦ politics again has been defined as concerned with power, authority and rule. Evidence will be presented in this chapter that supports the claim that political interests drove the interaction in the two wars†. In particular, the state was the focus of factional confrontations. Political interests defined the essence of the two wars. Actors involved in armed conflict in which the state structures have collapsed do fight for political interests. First, arguments will be put forward why political interests are dominant (Mohamoud 73). In terms of political interests of the defining feature of the war, Duyvesteyn (75) the non-trinitarian perspective, was that interests other than the political were dominant, such as control over resources or ethnicity. However, there is strong empirical evidence that points in the direction of a dominance of political interests. Not only were the factions claiming to fight to remove the regime in power, as already touched on in the previous chapter, but they moved to the capitals to do so. After the breakdown of the state, the factions continued their struggle because of competing claims over the future of the country. First, the invasions were claimed by the military factions to be political initiatives. As described earlier, opposition had not been possible in Liberia and Somalia. In terms of the politics of the strategy of the African wars, there is convincing proof indicating that, with the aid of empirical evidence, offering a Clausewitzian and Trinitarian foundation for the wars in Somalia, which hitherto have usually been described as non-trinitarian. The Somalian wars were triggered by a war instrument through which the aim is to realise political aims, even in cases where the state has collapsed. Politics was defined as concerned with power, authority and rule. By using these concepts to analyse the main warring factions in the two armed conflicts, it can be demonstrated that they strove to increase their power so as to claim legitimacy in order to acquire authority and establish rule. Initially, the factions exercised mainly coercive power, i.e., they commanded fighters and weaponry. The faction leaders aimed to transform this power into authority by claiming legitimacy. Legitimacy was found in existing conventions, such as ethnic and clan identity, patrimonialism, widely shared beliefs (such as the importance of social background), military skill of the faction leaders, religion and symbolism. Legitimacy was further derived from the actions of those over whom power was exercised, illustrated by the support from followers, both in their numbers and in their compliant behaviour. Furthermore, the actions of foreign actors, as witnessed in negotiations and peace missions, for example, conferred legitimacy to the factions. Also, religion was instrumental in turning some types of legitimacy into authority. When authority had been achieved, it transformed to be in the best interest of the factions to perpetuate it. Therefore, the authoritative power had been put into place with less cost than coercive power. The establishment of rule, i.e., the persistent exercise of authority, was possible. The possession of authority by the factions allowed them to create more legitimacy, among other ways by using this authority. However, faction rule faced several challenges (Braathen 3).  Likewise, Einar Braathen (15) reiterated religion and ethnicity combined to create a new political statement. In fact, â€Å"during the dramatic events in SubSaharan Africa issues of ethnicity and contested identities seem to be at the heart of the matter. But the crisis in countries like Angola, Congo-Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Mozambique, Rwanda, Sierra Leone and Somalia are really be reduced to ethnic cleavages. Clear, ethnicity had an essential part in many of the most conflicts in SubSaharan Africa, in the sense that ethnic affiliations often structure the composition of groups in conflict. As a consequence, religion is to blame for the increasing killings and other criminal acts. Moreover, there is little doubt that one of the main reasons why people are not having second thoughts in trying to kill each other. The religion-based ethic political system had metamorphosed to a certain extent to the identities around which ethnic and national conflicts are being rivaled. The political power that connects the different members of the Somalian community binds them through a process that can be identified as an adjustment or subjectification. This is a process where two meanings of the word ‘subject’ become socially constructed truths: subject to someone else by control and dependence, and tied to his/her own identity by a conscience or self-knowledge. In terms of religion, Einar Braathan (37) proposed the political problem includes controlling the em otions of the residents. Usually, the Somalian individual will eagerly implement an order to kill an innocent person. Specifically, â€Å"Somalia has a new global reputation — the world’s stereotype of abject, total and violent failure. This image is the consequence of the implosions of early 1991, subsequent events of mutual predation and mass starvation, failed international intervention, and a continuing absence of even the rudiments of viable national institutions. Given up on as an unsalvageable people and place, popular as well as official interest in Somalia has all but evaporated†. Some of the references to the Somalian nation may be stated with a sense of combined sadness. Consequently, a once-proud community clearly accepted their dignity and self-respect. They are currently lessened reduced to occurring in the foul debris of their socio-economic and cultural ruin. Likewise, the residents who can escape, are relegated to the status of unwanted messy pe rsons in exile in almost part of the global environment. No one refuses the possible occurrence of the Somalian population. Likewise, there is a popular sentiment to try to eliminate the post-colonial environment initially.  In terms of the religious of the political management of the Somalian Economy, the 1980s time period, as well as the early 1990s centered on the regimes of Samuel Doe in Liberia and Siad Barre in Somalia, crashed under the continuing pressure of the local guerrilla attacks. The end of such kingdoms had not been followed by the implementation of the new laws. The regimes had been defeated, but the Somalian country had fallen. One big reason for the end of the regimes had personalized and privatised the state. The fall of the regimes had resulted to the demise of the nation. In addition, Einar Braathan (109) states religion was also instrumental in the political disintegration of the state. The Somalian disintegration will be pinpointed as a downfall of territor y-wide authority with a concomitant breakdown of state institutions, covering everything from civil service, army and police to schools and electricity supply, and including internationally recognized structures of governance (Hall 61). This does not mean there is no governance or that a state of anarchy follows state collapse. Various political and military structures imposed themselves on the territories of Somalia and Liberia. Guerrilla groups like the Somali National Movement (SNM), as well as the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), had seemed evidently organized (or disorganized) as the Somali and Liberian states. These two guerrilla groups established political units on parts of the territory after the breakdown of the Liberian and Somali states.  Further, Einar Braathan (109) proposes religion aids in the transcending of the discourse on the politics of engaging in war. The two main ideas behind this volume have been a) to shed critical light on the reduction of Afr ican civil wars to ethnic conflicts, and b) to argue for the emergence of civil wars as the result of political struggles over power, resources and identities. The religion-inspired political Somalian environment implements its rehabilitation of Africa by instituting some variables that are generally used to understand the war in another locality had not been preferred of in terms of the African civil wars (Akou,27). In addition, Anna Simons (97) emphasized the pastoral ideology as well as urban occurrences â€Å"Although the previous chapters set forth the parameters of the collapse of the Somali state, we have not yet considered the effect these expatriate and chronological impacts had on traditional Somali institutions, or how they shaped daily life in Mogadishu for the very Somalis on whom expatriates based their knowledge of Somalia. In the following chapters, I examine a variety of institutions that have continued to persist in the urban setting, having been carried over from pastoral sources. Although these institutions have surely altered in meaning and purpose with the distances traveled (through space and time), the pastoral setting itself has also evolved so that pastoralism, as it is practiced today, is not the same pastoralism early explorers viewed or I. M. Lewis studied†. In addition, the theories that had originated from the pastoralism style of religious practice had retained an integral part of the Somalian urban environment. In addition, on the ideological level, we again see confluences: of a rhetorically national Somalia being constructed at the same era national politics requires the dismemberment into some interest parts depicted as both prior to and had ever since independence. In addition, the combining features of all Somalis include the sharing the same language and practicing the same Islamic religious policies that are implemented to help produce a sense of coherent Somalian nationalism (Morrison 13). Clearly, the two areas themselves had been used as pawns of war. In terms, historical religion-inspired political Somalian environment, (Simmons 39) reiterated the â€Å"present decadence of neighboring Berberah is caused by petty internal feuds. Girhajis the eldest son of Ishak al-Hazrami, seized the mountain ranges of Gulays and Wagar lying about forty miles behind the coast, while Awal, the cadet, established himself and his descendants upon the lowlands from Berberah to Zayla. Both these powerful tribes assert a claim to the customs and profits of the port on the grounds that they jointly conquered it from the Gallas. The Habr Awal, however, being in possession, would monopolize the right: a blood feud rages and the commerce of the place suffers from the dissensions of the owners†. Besides, the Habr Awal tribe is commonly having internal quarrels. The two septs, the Ayyal Yunis Nuh and the Ayyal Ahmad Nuh, established themselves as coming from the community known as Berberah. The former can be identified as plentiful and numerous.  Jeffrey M. Herbst (229) insists the religion-inspired political Somalian environment looks to the United States to protect its patrimony as well as economic partnership (Hirschey 289). The lessons of Somalia used for the future United States Foreign Policy includes the United States focusing on the act to â€Å"flex its undeniable muscle for the betterment of less fortunate peoples across the globe depends on defining the national self-interest in a manner that would support the existing imperatives of liberal internationalism against the powerful, quickly allied forces of entropy, disdain, isolationism, and national narcissism. That is the new challenge for U.S. foreign policy and the makers of U.S. foreign policy, wounded as it and they have been by the mistakes made during and as a result of the U.S. intervention in Somalia†.  The above quote clearly shows that the United States continues one of its primary functions of focusing o n its national legal priorities by centering on using force in dealing with Somalia’s affairs with other nations around the world to ensure its political affairs trickle down to economic gains (Foresman 20). The processes of intrusion have differed from the classical gunboat diplomacy to the implementation of proxy wars as well as occupation of relevant areas. It is very clear that isolationism can be defined as the fear of being entangled in the messy imbroglios of foreigners–has always been second nature to Americans. In addition, religion-inspired political Somalian environment political implements persuasive adventures in foreign lands that include the strive for clarification as well as the gesture to override the Somalian population’s national interests, not just to focus on the necessities of Somalia’s foreign policy requirements. In addition, many of the intervention activities include controversy resolutions with external as well as internal disp utes, with criticism generated from some generations from some disgruntled quarters. In terms of the religion-inspired political Somalian environment, Clarke (20) emphasized â€Å"Operation Restore Hope covered 40 percent of Somalia. It was limited to the central and southern regions, and neither UNITAF nor UNOSOM, with some almost irrelevant exceptions, established a presence in the northwestern or northeastern areas of the country. However, the operation had an impact on all of Somalia, and its effects countrywide are the focus of this chapter†. The religion-inspired political Somalian environment includes the use of international efforts to bring back the original Somali justice system that includes fundamental flaws in operational planning and implementation. Hopefully, reflecting the country’s significant concentration on Mogadishu, UNITAF did not generate a successful activity to capitalize on the successful Australian program to restructure the Somali police and judiciary in Baidoa and the Bay region. The Somalian political strategy includes accepting the United States’ plan to proceed with its Operation Restore Hope did not follow successful lessons from the Gulf War, after which civil affairs units in Kuwait aided in restricting the police and judiciary. The Somalian police and judiciary, after the overthrow of Siad Barre After January 1991, was helpless when Somalia descended into anarchy and disintegrated into clan dominated areas. The process of tribal fiefdoms disputes, many areas did perform politically and economically better than other regions of Somalia. Specifically, before January 1991, the Somali National Police Force numbered had reached an estimated 15,000 persons around the country. It had been segregated into eighteen regional divisions with approximately ninety police stations located in the districts and over 100 police personnel. Islam religion on Somalia’s Political Environment Further, Carl Brown (9) emp hasized the Islam religion was very instrumental in the political process of government the nations. Carl Brown reiterated â€Å"others, even if aware that the Middle East contains many inhabitants other than Arabs, are inclined to think that the Muslim world and the Middle East are roughly coterminous. It is true that the Middle Eastern population is about 90 percent Muslim, but all the Muslims of the Middle East still add up to a minority of the world’s Muslim population. Even when defining the Middle East broadly to embrace the entire Arab world from Morocco to the Arabian Peninsula plus Iran, Israel, and Turkey the Muslims thus included are only slightly more than one-third of the world’s Muslim population† (Brown 9). In terms of comparison, the most significant Muslim state, Indonesia, is found in SouthEast Asia. Likewise, the first four Muslim states in terms of population are all outside the Middle East. Those nations are: Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and (surprising to many) India with more than over 100 million Muslims. In terms of comparison, the Muslim population represents 60 percent of the total Christian community around the world. Comparing Islam to Christianity (Schmidt 119), the Muslim â€Å"Church Government† differs from the Christian religious teachings. In Islam, there is no separation of church and state, of religious organization as contrasted with a political organization. Likewise, the difference in religious teachings proceeds to different political priorities (Nasr10). There are several chances to offer adjustments to the assertions. Specifically, Carl Brown (29) one significant difference between Islam and Christianity is that Islam knows no church in the sense of a corporate body whose leadership is clearly defined, hierarchical, and distinct from the state. The organizational arrangement of Muslim religious specialists, or ulama, generates an institutional disagreement between Muslim church and Musl im state virtually impossible. Meaning, an ‘alim may state the many negative comments and other aspects of the ruler. However, the same person cannot canonical call a Muslim â€Å"church council.† In addition, the Nor has opportunities to pass his charges up the Muslim religious hierarchy until a Muslim equivalent of pope or council or synod renders a judgment binding on all members of the â€Å"church.† This, at least, upholds as a massive generalization for Sunni Islam. As for Twelver Shi’ism, the pronouncements of Iran’s Ayatullah Khomeini and the mullahs in Iran points to the recommendation that the clergy there are more nearly a recognizable â€Å"church† hierarchy. This Sunni-Shi’i distinction calls for separate treatment. In terms of the historical bases of traditional Muslim and Christian political theory most Muslims and most Christians have for centuries lived just like most of the people living in Somalia and other countries where there are possible groups of Muslim residents, Even the religio-political struggles within Christendom and Islamdom have usually been intrafaith, such as Protestant versus Catholic or Sunni versus Shi’ I Muslim groups. In addition, Carl Brown (68) reiterated â€Å"a perceptive British diplomat whose long service in the Middle East began early in this century captured the cultural counterpart to the Muslim theological tradition of political quietism in writing: The Egyptian man in the street is very quick to recognize the facts of power; he does not have to be blown out of cannons, or even harshly treated to conform. He will support long years of humiliation and, indeed, of ill-treatment, buoyed by the golden certainty that somewhere along the road includes a banana-skin on which the object of his dislike is bound one day to put his heel†.  Another evocative illustration comes from the great Egyptian nationalist leader, Sa’d Zaghlul, who in an often made public speeches before a huge crowd to express here hope that the day will arrive come when the Egyptian ceased regarding government the way the bird views the hunter. The sense of impotence before Somalian leadership is also well displayed in the story of village notables who had focused on sending a group of representatives to the Ottoman capital asking for the removal of an oppressive governor. When the governor was able to know their strike plan, he called the group to his house, escorted them to a secret room, pointed out a chest and told them to open it. It was almost filled with lots of gold coins and other large quantities of precious metals. Stated that he was responsible for increase the locality’s gold reserves. Consequently, the strikers called off their strike plans.  Also, Carl Brown (52) reiterated â€Å"From this internal perspective it is not so much that Muslim societies failed to link Islamic thought with political practice but that the Muslim self-imag e gave preeminent importance to the ideals of unity and community. To clarify this interpretation of Islamic political thought, let us recall two fundamental points already adumbrated in a somewhat different context. First, the clear relationship of the traditional Muslim political theory for all later thinking about the role of the state and the political community plus the natural tendency of any scriptural religion to emphasize the historical period when the scriptures were revealed combined to give the political model of the idealized early umma an unquestionable part in later Muslim philosophies about Somalian politics. In addition, a hierarchically that includes a structured clergy charged with establishing doctrine never developed in the Islamic residents’ area, the religion-inspired political Somalian environment shows there is no effective institutional way to reconcile differences between religious dogma and political practice. In terms of the roots of political pes simism, â€Å"Islamic political thought or, more precisely, Muslim attitudes toward politics and the state produced a paradox that can be expressed as follows: Islam emphasizes the religious importance of man’s deeds in this world. Islam decidedly does not turn its back on mundane matters. Islam, moreover, grew up in early political success. After that, the overwhelming majority of the world’s Muslims usually lived free of political threat from non-Muslims—until modern times.  Muslims generally hold on the religious philosophy that the early umma, which, unlike the early Christian Church, was a this-worldly religious, political community par excellence. Yet, this very Islam with such character focused one created a political culture that nurtured a pessimistic attitude toward politics and, out of this political pessimism, a submissive attitude toward government. While never developing anything like the Christian separation of church and state, Islamic cultur e did foster a de facto separation of state and society. This separation of state and society was never explicitly recognized as legitimate. The idealized early umma as led by the Prophet and after that the four rightly guided caliphs (and the equivalent imamate of Shi’ism) was the only legitimate model of Islamic government. Based on the above discussion, religion affects politics in Somalia, especially since the country is unstable. The religious influences affect the Somalian political activities. The research shows that Islam as one of the religions that has precipitated to the Somalian country into the political abyss known as unstableness. The research discussion indicates Islam is a government benchmark guide in terms of political policies implemented within and outside the Somalian political environment. Indeed, religion is a powerful factor that affects the political activity of the nation. References Mohamoud, Abdullah A. State Collapse and Post Conflict Developmen t in Africa. London:  University Press, 2006. Akou, Heather M. The Politics of Dress in Somali Culture. London: University Press, 2011. Gebrewold, Belachew B. Anatony of Violence. London : Ashgate Press, 2009. Hirschey, Mark B. Managerial Economics. London: Cengage Press, 2008. Braathen, Einar. Ethnicity Kills? The Politics of War, Peace, and Ethnicity. Velarg, 2000. Brown, Carl L. Religion and State: The Muslim Approach to Politics. London: University Press,  2000. Crishom, Roger F. Principles of Economics. London: Scott, Foresman Company, 1981. Froyen, Richard E. Macroeconomics. London: Prentice Hall Press, 1999. Armstrong, Karen G. Islam: A Short History. London: Moderen Press, 2002. Hall, Robert E. Macro Economics. London: Norton Press, 1997. Herbst, Jeffrey M. The Lessons of Armed Humanitarian Intervention. London: Westview , 1997. Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. Islam: Religion, History, and Civilisation. London: Harper Press, 2003. Reilly, Frank K. Investments. London: Dryden Pres s, 1986 Morrison, Joseph S. Political Islam. London: ABC Press, 2010. Schmidt, Bettina E. Continuum Internatonal. London: Continuum International Press, 2010. Simons, Anna. Networks of Dissolution: Somalia Undone. London: Westview Press, 1995. This essay on The Relationship Between Religion and Politics in Somalia was written and submitted by user Maxx Bates to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Labor Relation Management

Labor Relation Management Bargaining Laws Covering Public Employees The enactment of rules permitting public sector mutual negotiation in the U.S states lacks consistency due to the disparities in desires and political goals of the diverse states. This means that in states where workers can enjoy collective agreements, they still utilize politics and mixed forms of habitual representation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Labor Relation Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, some states set tough rules against the unions and does not recognize them formally. In addition, other states also ban negotiations, strikes, and any form of arbitrations leading to binding pacts with employees (Slater, 2004) Impasse Resolution Procedures Regularly company management and union leaders may fail to concur on contract conditions resulting into a stalemate. This development necessitates third party involvement to facilitate resolution of the tw o party’s lack of harmony. Mediation is a procedure of settling these divergences where the third party tends to attain deliberate consensus between unions and employers (Riccucci, 2006). Arbitration becomes the last step in settling rows entailing submission to a third party any unsettled disputes for ultimate resolution. The procedure regularly finds application in industrial settings. Employers also utilize union shops procedure to handle impasses (Riccucci, 2006). This entails employers accepting to maintain union workforce only on its payroll and may recruit non-union personnel given that they agree to join the workers union within a specific period. There is conciliation method where a third party conducts dispute resolution through informal means to try to settle the disagreements. Public Employees Right to Strike Public employee’s right to strike does is unnecessary since the public civil service system exists to address their grievances. The workers freedom to strike should be outlawed or constrained. This is because public employees avail services, which are central to the well being of the community. Uniformed employees are not allowed whatsoever to picket.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, some employees have the chance to strike but with a surety that the consequences of their action will not result into problems affecting the public well-being. The government avails other means of settling disputes including arbitration (Holley, Kenneth Roger, 2008). Public Employees Right to Interest Submission for Dispute Resolution Public employees should submit attention dispute to ultimate and obligatory arbitrations instead of holding a legally acquired strike order. The importance of this is that the employees can have an opportunity to try settlement. Legal strike may lead to more problems and loss of time and profi ts for the company. In addition, legal strikes may lead to victimization of other employees who may be discharged. Arbitration may provide enhanced outcomes since even after strikes union will have to negotiate with the employers for better deals. An opportunity to achieve the same end coming parallel with striking, the workers need to chose arbitration. Reasons for Slow Development of Labor Unions in Latin American Countries The labor unions in Latin America apparently develops slowly than in the U.S. reasons for this scenario may include the rate of employment, which declines in many sectors. This results to companies discharging workers or failing to hire people. The low number of workforce has had an impact on unionization level in the Latin America (Inter-American Development Bank, 2003). In addition, most youths on employment in the countries with little education have a negative awareness on the importance of unions. The youths therefore fail to join the unions thus causing t he slow development of the unions due to low membership. The wage availed to workers in the Latin America is also apparently low, making most workers to prefer satisfying their needs than donating to the unions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Labor Relation Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Actually, this has compounded the problems of union development, which requires huge finances to run concrete union actions (Inter-American Development Bank, 2003). Furthermore, most countries in Latin America with almost equal economy have diverse unionization rates and regulatory measures. Finally, political aspects including repression and derailment also have significant impact on the speed of unionization in Latin America. Worker Participation in Western Europe Worker participation is a form of workers representation in the companies, which take place when employees take part directly or indirectly in decision mak ing in their places of work. The rise of workers participation in Western Europe resulted from issues including response to strikes (Holley, Kenneth Roger, 2008). The workers interest misrepresentation during collective bargaining by union leaders resulted into some employees taking part in strikes apparently, as negotiations never qualified into addressing interests. The workers protested over poor employment conditions, methodological alterations, and coherence in wages. The workers were taking responsibility in regulating occupation settings and rejecting employer’s plea to manage work places after strikes (Holley, Kenneth Roger, 2008). This continued to ensure that employees gained a considerable control of making decisions at work places through representations. The response of the employers after strikes and employees taking responsibility entailed better deals and agreeing to workers demands of company representations and work councils. To sustain the societal order, decrees came up enlarging the authorities of unions compared to those of employers and making stable vital collective bargaining (Holley, Kenneth Roger, 2008). Features of Japanese Labor Relation Systems Japanese labor administration relations run through perpendicular outline where the corporation becomes a fatherly unit and care for its loyal employees. This system is known as enterprise unions. The close functioning rapport between the workforce and corporation strengthens the structures for worker participation and conciliation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Enterprise unions lack authority thus collective bargaining happens in the broad company through well-harmonized approach (Holley, Kenneth Roger, 2008). Workers grievances are solved when corporation make enormous proceeds indicating a decentralized bargaining advance. The Japanese system also takes note of the bargaining settlements attained in the mother industries. Remuneration gaps are mundane between managers and unskilled staff. The model of seniority becomes significant and pledges forever employment and when business fails, workforce are transferred other line companies. The business employs strategies to evade discharging workforce. Finally, settling disputes occur through the process of shop levels (Holley, Kenneth Roger, 2008). The Japanese structures are not transferable to the U.S systems since they lack workplace equality. The enterprise unions manipulated by company management deny the unions independence. The method of reconciliation of disputes through shop levels is not applicable in the U.S. in addition, the seniority approach may be disastrous to the U.S labor relations since it is unrealistic to keep workforce even during recessions (Holley, Kenneth Roger, 2008). Transnational Collective Bargaining The advancement of collective bargaining power in new business markets requires a few factors to be fulfilled (Holley, Kenneth Roger, 2008). The transnational firm must join the new markets labor organizations as a first prerequisite for collective bargaining. This enables the firms to bargain with the unification protecting workers in those markets. The personnel recruited into the corporation also need to form a union to use in collective bargaining. The corporation must also abide by the national labor relations regulations in the new markets before bargaining can happen effectively. Companies also need to present its proposal on how it intends to protect workers (Holley, Kenneth Roger, 2008). This enables the bargainers to have an overv iew of the company’s mode of workers’ treatment. The company’s operations must comply with labor regulation practices in the new market including recruitment of workers, designing of payment for labor, and workers interest protections. Canada Labor Relation System The Canadian labor rules have similar components as the U.S. after Canada adopted all the labor relations edicts from the Wagner Act. However, Canada has developed labor enactment with two outstanding features. The features transferable to the U.S labor laws include separation of authority in the constitution between federal and the regional governments (Estreicher, 2011). This avails complete command over the business associations to the regions. In addition, federal law also avoids anticipation of regional rules. Federal administration has full authority contained in the constitution to act on labor dispute concerns over few workers in industries within its jurisdiction (Estreicher, 2011). Secondly, Canada’s legislature structure of administration is also transferable. This is where a prime minister under the federal administration and regional premier interested in altering is sure of attaining popular mass for passing bills. This ensures possible enactment of controversial edicts required for initiating innovations into labor relations (Estreicher, 2011). References Estreicher. (2011). Labor and Employment Law Initiatives and Proposals in the Obama Administration. New York, NY: Kluwer Law International. Holley, W., Kenneth, M. and Roger, S. (2008). The Labor Relations Process. 8th Ed.  Orlando, Florida: Harcourt College Publishers. Inter-American Development Bank. (2003). Good Jobs Wanted Labor Markets in Latin America. Washington, DC: IDB. Riccucci, N. (2006). Public Personnel Administration and Labor Relations. Armonk, NY:  M.E. Sharpe. Slater, J. (2004). Public Workers: Government Employee Unions, the Law, and the  State, 1900- 1962. New York, NY: Cornell Univ ersity Press.

August 2007 Most Popular Posts

August 2007 Most Popular Posts August 2007 Most Popular Posts August 2007 Most Popular Posts By Sharon Write First, Edit Later: Well, it is important to write correctly. It makes your communication clearer, and your reputation brighter. But it’s usually better to say what you mean poorly than to say nothing. Passive vs. Active Voice: English teachers like myself love to warn new writers against the evils of passive voice. Here at Daily Writing Tips, Michael has written about passive writing, and I recently wrote about dummy subjects, but it looks like there’s still some confusion about passive voice and its use. â€Å"Could Care Less† versus â€Å"Couldn’t Care Less†: The Oxford dictionary already recognizes â€Å"could care less† as an American colloquialism. Many people, however, regard it as incorrect since it makes no logical sense (if you â€Å"could care less† it means that you care at least a bit). What do you think about it? Have your say in our Poll! Five Spelling Rules for â€Å"Silent Final E†: In an earlier stage of the language, many of these final e’s were pronounced. Now, however, unless the word is a foreign borrowing, the final e is silent. Needed: New Singular Possessive Adjective Combining â€Å"his† and â€Å"her†: I told him that the answer was c) his, but, to my astonishment, the answer key gave b) his or her as the correct answer. That’s when I discovered that I was behind the times when it came to the concept of oppressive gendered language. Punctuation Errors: Quotation Marks for Emphasis: Last month, Daniel covered some of the basic rules for using quotation marks. I’d like to point out one of the most common misuses of this piece of punctuation: the quotation mark for emphasis. Misspelled Numbers, Months, and Days: Yes, these are elementary spelling words, but cruise the web and you will see them misspelled all over the place. The Truth About â€Å"It’s†: As well as I know the rule, as many times as I have corrected the error in the manuscripts of others, the occasional it’s for its creeps into my own writing and must be caught in the final revision. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Regarding Re:Email EtiquetteArtist vs. Artisan

Operations Management in Kristens Cooki Company Assignment

Operations Management in Kristens Cooki Company - Assignment Example Thus, one batch of cookies takes 26 minutes. If the order has been placed for 2 dozen (2 batches) of cookies, it will take an additional 9 minutes. This is because while the first batch is baking, the first student would spoon the prepared mix into a second tray, ready to bake. With thermostat and timer already in place, the second batch will require 9 minutes to bake + 5 minutes to cool + 2 minutes to pack in a box. Payment for two dozen cookies will be accepted in the same1 minute as an order for only one dozen cookies (already accounted for). However, the time taken for the two batches overlap. Hence, to make a total of two batches, for the second batch, 2 minutes out of 9 minutes of baking time will be left after the 1st batch is packed and ready. Thus 2 minutes baking time + 5 minutes cooling + 2 minutes packing takes an additional 9 minutes after the first batch is packed and ready. Therefore, the total time required to fill a rush order for 2 dozen cookies would be 35 minutes. To fill an order for three dozen cookies, the tray in which the mix is spooned in to make 12 cookies, will be ready to bake while the second batch is getting baked. Once the second batch is taken out of the oven, the third batch will be placed inside for baking. It will take only 9 minutes for baking because of timer and thermostat already set. Thus 9 minutes baking time + 5 minutes cooling time + 2 minutes packing time takes a total of 16 minutes. Payment time of 1 minute is already accounted for. However, the time taken for the three batches overlap. Hence, to make a total of three batches, for the third batch, 2 minutes of baking time will be left out of the 9 minutes for baking, after the 2nd batch is packed and ready. Thus 2 minutes baking time + 5 minutes cooling + 2 minutes packing takes an additional 9 minutes after the second  batch is packed and ready. Thus, 44 minutes total will be required to fill an order for 3 dozen cookies.

Running my own Multinational Corporation Research Paper

Running my own Multinational Corporation - Research Paper Example For selling the product in the UK market, the company will enter into arrangements and agreements with the local retailers in the UK, particularly in the major cities. The retailers which will be considered for distribution and sales of the product will include Tesco PLC, Sainsbury’s PLC, Morrison’s PLC, ASDA PLC and other retailers. Keeping in view the fact that the consumption of alcoholic beverages in the UK and its supply has shown consistent growth, it can be therefore expected that the consumers in the UK will buy this product. As per the information provided by the World Health Organization, there has been a steady increase in the consumption of Beer during the past 45 years (45 years include years from 1961 to 2006). In addition to this, since the company will enter into arrangements with local retailers and distributors in the UK for the sale of products, there will be no need to hire labor or acquire specific supplies for any other purpose. The company, Oceana Beverages Incorporation, will dispatch its products directly to retailers at specified city destinations. The retailers will then take charge of the good upon delivery and will be responsible for handling and selling the products through their respective retail outlets. As far as the manufacturing of the product is concerned, 100 percent manufacturing will be carried out within the United States at the production facility of Oceana Beverages Incorporation. In addition, packaging for both local and export deliveries will also be done by the packaging unit of the company. In this way, all expenses related to the production of Seven Star Wine will be incurred in US Dollar only. There are numerous factors which may have an impact on the balance of trade between the United States and the United Kingdom. These factors, in relation to the business of Oceana Beverages Incorporation, mainly include the cost of production in the US as compared to UK, costs associated with raw materials and other

Perspectives on the Book of Job Essay -- The Book of Job Essays

  Ã‚      The Book of Job is one of the three books in the Hebrew bible whose genre is described as wisdom literature.1   Certainly the Book of Job satisfies the literary conventions that qualify a biblical book for such status. 2   Yet Job may be associated with wisdom in a much more literal sense.   The Book of Job attempts to deal with a problematic question that confronts suffering humanity: why do bad things happen to good people?   The variety and vehemence of commentators' contemporary responses to this chapter of the Bible is testament to the continued relevance of the Book of Job's wisdom thousands of years after it was written.   Although the commentators examined herein arrive at differing and sometimes conflicting conclusions after reading the story of "the holy Arab"3, none are left indifferent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first commentator under consideration is Martin Buber in an excerpt from his Darko shel miqra'4.   Buber draws an apt parallel between the Book of Job and the proceedings in a court of law, casting God as judge and Job as prosecution.   In Buber's legal parallel, Job demands what in an earthly court of law would amount to due process, or a fair trial.   And yet, even as Buber confers the legitimacy of a court of law on Job's complaints, Buber suggests that Job knew his appeal was "suppressed from the start."5   Buber cites Job: "Though I am right, my mouth will condemn me!"6   By highlighting the justness of Job's claims and the non-existent chance of a divine finding in Job's favour, Buber stresses how human justice and divine justice diverge.   This difference is highlighted further by discussion of how Job is made to suffer hinnam, or gratuitously, from both God and Job's perspective.7   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rather than condem... ...sterton, G. K..   "Introduction to The Book of Job."   The Hebrew Bible In Literary Criticism.   Ed. and Comp. Alex Preminger and Edward L. Greenstein.   New York: Ungar, 1986.   449-50. Frick, Frank S..   A Journey Through The Hewbrew Scriptures.   New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1995. Hey, Tony and Patrick Walters.   Einstein's Mirror.   Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Jung, C. G..   Answer to Job. The Hebrew Bible In Literary Criticism.   Ed. and Comp. Alex Preminger and Edward L. Greenstein.   New York: Ungar, 1986.   454-5. Kroll, Paul. â€Å"The Trial of Job†. Grace Communion: International. Grace Communion International, 2013. 26 February 2015. Renà © de Chateaubriand, Franà §ois.   The Beauties of Christianity.   The Hebrew Bible In Literary Criticism.   Ed. and Comp. Alex Preminger and Edward L. Greenstein.   New York: Ungar, 1986.   445.

Oops (Bca)

Punjab Technical University Jalandhar Syllabus Scheme (1st to 6th Semester) For Bachelors in Computer Applications (BCA) Applicable from August 2005 & Onwards STUDY SCHEME FOR BCA SEMESTER -1 Code BCA-101 BCA-102 BCA-103 BCA-104 BCA-105 BCA-106 BCA -107 BCA -108 TOTAL SEMESTER -2 Code BCA-201 BCA-202 BCA-203 BCA-204 BCA-205 BCA -206 BCA -207 TOTAL Subject Principles of Management System Analysis & Design Math-I (Discrete) Data Structures Digital Ckt. & Logic Design Hardware Lab-I (BC -205) Software Lab-III (BC-204) L 48 48 48 24 32 200 P 0 0 0 24 16 40 TOTAL 48 48 48 48 48 240 INT. 5 25 25 25 25 25 25 175 EXT. 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 525 TOTAL MARKS 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 700 Subject Introduction to Information Technology Math (Bridge Course) Basic Accounting Programming in C Communication Skills (Business Communication) Communication & Soft Skills Software Lab –I(BC-101 & 103 Software Lab –II(BC-104) L 24 48 32 24 48 30 206 P 24 0 16 24 0 64 TOTAL 48 48 48 48 48 30 2 70 INT. 25 25 25 25 25 50 25 25 225 EXT. 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 525 TOTAL MARKS 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 750SEMESTER – 3 Code BCA-301 BCA-302 BCA-303 BCA-304 BCA-305 BCA -306 BCA -307 TOTAL SEMESTER -4 Code Subject L P TOTAL INT. EXT. TOTAL MARKS Subject Math-II (Computer Oriented Methods) Management Information Systems Software Engineering Object Oriented Programming in C++ Introduction to Microprocessor Software Lab –IV (BC-304) Hardware Lab –II (BC-305) L 30 40 40 32 32 174 P 18 0 0 32 16 66 TOTAL 48 40 40 64 48 240 INT. 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 175 EXT. 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 525 TOTAL MARKS 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 700 BCA-401 BCA-402 BCA-403 BCA-404 BCA -405 BCA -406 BCA -407Computer Networks Data Base Management System Computer System Architecture Operating System Workshop on Visual Basic Software Lab –V (BC-402) Software Lab –VI (BC-405) Unix /Linux 36 40 48 36 24 144 0 20 0 12 24 96 36 60 48 48 48 240 25 25 25 25 100 25 25 250 75 75 75 75 0 75 75 450 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 700 SEMESTER -5 Code BCA-501 BCA-502 BCA-503 BCA-504 BCA -505 BCA -506 BCA -507 TOTAL Subject Internet Applications and Java System Software Computer Graphics Operation Research Software Lab –VII (Major Project I) Software Lab –VIII (BC-501) Software Lab –IX (BC-503) 148 L 36 36 36 40 P 36 0 12 0 44 92 TOTAL 72 36 48 40 44 240 INT. 5 25 25 25 25 25 25 175 EXT. 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 525 TOTAL MARKS 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 700 SEMESTER -6 Code BCA-601 BCA-602 BCA -603 BCA -604 BCA -605 BCA -606 BCA -607 TOTAL Subject Artificial Intelligence Handling Operating Systems Software Lab –X (Major Project II) Software Lab –XI (Web Designing) Software Lab –XII (BC-602) Seminar (BC-603) Comprehensive Viva-Voce L 48 48 96 P 0 48 80 16 144 TOTAL 48 96 80 16 240 INT. 25 25 25 25 25 100 225 EXT. 75 75 75 75 75 100 525 TOTAL MARKS 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 700 SEMESER -1 BCA-101 .Introduction to Information Techn ology INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. ____________________________________________________________________ Section I Computer Fundamentals: Number Systems, History of Computers, Block diagram of computer & detailed significance of each part. Study of I/O devices : Keyboard, Hard disk, Floppy disk, CD-ROM, DVD, Plotters, Scanners, mouse, Printers: Dot matrix, Laser, Thermal Inkjet, VDU. Section II Primary & secondary memories. Introduction to Operatin g Systems & its functions Definition of Simple batch processing, multiprogramming, multiprocessing, real-time, time-sharing systems, Concept of Spooling, Section III Typical DOS commands, making simple batch files.Application of Computers in various fields : Defense, Industry, Management, Sports, Commerce, Internet. omputer and communication: Single user, Multi-user, Workstations, and Overview of LAN, WAN: Overview of modem, E-Mail, Fax Internet facilities through WWW BCA-102. BRIDGE COURSE IN MATHEMATICS INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III.The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I Set relations and functions: elements of a set, methods of describing a set, types of set, Venn diagram, operations on sets, union, interSection Ind difference of set, Duality, partioning of a set, trigonometric functions.Section II Binomial theorem and principle of mathematics induction Introduction to matrix, properties of matrix; evaluation of determinant, minor and cofactors and properties of determinant Section III Statistics: introduction to statistics, collection, and tabulation of data, mean, median and mode. BCA-103. Basic Accounting Section I Basic Accounting: Introduction, importance and scope, concepts and conventionsGenerally accepted accounting principles-double entry framework Basic concepts of Journals, ledgers, purchase book, sales book, cashbook. Section II Preparation of financial statements: Profit and loss account and balance sheet.Nature, scope, advantage and limitations of management accounting. Section III Sources of raising of capital in corporate undertaking –simple treatment to issue of shares, forfeiture of shares and re – issue of forfeited shares. Application of computers in accounting. BCA-104. Programming in ‘C’ INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly.Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _______________________________________________________________ ______ Section I Fundamentals: Character set, Identifiers & Keywords, Data Types, constants, set, constants, variables, expressions, statement, symbolic constants. Operations and expressions: Arithmetic operators, unary operators, relational and logical operators, assignment and conditional operators, and library functions.Data input and output: Preliminaries, single character input, single character output, entering input data, more about the scanf function, writing output data, more about printf function, the gets and puts function, interactive programming. Section II Control statements: Preliminaries, while, do-while and for statements. Nested loops, if else, switch, break continue statement. Functions: Brief overview, defining accessing function, passing perimeters to function, specifying argument data types, function prototype and recursion.Program structure: Storage classes, automatic, external, and static variables, more about library functions. Array: defining and processing an array, passing pointers to a function, pointer and one dimensional arrays, operations on pointers, passing functions multidimensional arrays of pointers, passing functions to the other functions, more about pointer declarations. Section III Structure And Unions: Defining and processing a structure, user defined data types, structure and Pointers, passing structure to function, self-referential structures, and unions.Data files: Opening, closing, creating, and processing and unformatted data field. C-programming applications: Sorting (Bubble sort, Selection sort), Searching (Binary search, Linear Search). BCA-105. COMMUNICATION SKILLS (BUSINESS COMMUNICATION) INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the enti re syllabus uniformly.Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I Introduction to Business Communication: Meaning and Definition, Process and Classification of communication, Elements & Characteristics of communication. Corporate communication: Formal and Informal Communication, Grapevine, Communication barriers, Importance of communication. Section II Principles of Effective Communications: 7 Cs ConceptWritten communication: Meaning, objectives and essentials of effective written communication, media or types of Written communication. Non – Verbal Communication: Importance, forms or Media, Kinesics. Effective Listening: meaning, nature and importance of good listening, types of listening Principles of effective listen ing, factors affecting listening, barriers in listening, difference between hearing and listening. Section III Writing Skills – Short Compositions: Classified Advertisements, Situation Vacant, Situation wanted, Career Guidance, Counseling, Lost and found, Sale / Purchase, To – let.Notices – General / Public Notices, Tender Notices, Auction Notices. Letter Writing: Official letters, Placing orders, Sending Replies, Letters to Editors, Application for job. Comprehension Passages (From text book only comprehension question should be asked, No general question) BCA-106. COMMUNICATION AND SOFT SKILLS Essentials of Grammar: Parts of Speech, Punctuation, Vocabulary Building, Phonetics Office Management : Types of Correspondence, Receipt and Dispatch of Mail, Filing Systems, Classification of Mail. Role & Function of Correspondence, MIS, Managing Computer Letter & Resume Writing: Types of Letters-Formal / Informal, Importance and Function, Drafting the Applications, Ele ments of Structure, Preparing the Resume, Do’s & Don’ts of Resume, Helpful Hints Presentation Skills: Importance of Presentation Skills, Capturing Data, Voice & Picture Integration, Guidelines to make Presentation Interesting, Body Language, Voice Modulation, Audience Awareness, Presentation Plan, Visual Aids, Forms of Layout, Styles of Presentation.Interview Preparation: Types of Interview, Preparing for the Interviews, Attending the Interview, Interview Process, Employers Expectations, General Etiquette, Dressing Sense, Postures & Gestures Group Discussion & Expressions, Evaluation Presentation: Definition, Process, Guidelines, Helpful (Note: Every student shall be given 15 minutes. of presentation time & 45 minutes of discussion on his/ her presentation. ) The student will be evaluated on the basis of : his / her presentation style Feedback of Faculty & Students General Etiquette Proficiency in Letter Drafting / Interview PreparationThe paper is internal and at leas t 3 tests will be taken. Best 2 of 3 shall account for final grades (70% Test & 30% Presentation) SEMESER -2 BCA-201. PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly.Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I Forms of business organizations and ownership: Sole proprietorship, Partnership, Joint stock company, Public & Private undertakings, Government companies. Management: Meaning & definition of managemen t, nature, scope and its various functions.Section II Planning : nature and purpose, types, steps in planning ,decision making : Strategic , tactical and operational decision, decision making process, rationality in decision making. Organizing : nature, importance, the organizing process, organizational objectives, formal and informal organization, organization chart, span of management : factors determining effective span, Departmentation : definition, departmentation by function, by territory, product/service customer group ; management by objectives (MBO), Delegation, Decentralization v/s centralization.Section III Staffing : definition, manpower management, factors affecting staffing, Recruitment and selection , Performance appraisal . Motivation: theories of Motivation; hierarchy of needs theory, theory of X and theory of Y. Leadership : styles, theories of leadership : trait approach and situational approach, managerial grid. Controlling : meaning & nature , steps in controlli ng , essentials of effective control systems. BCA-202. SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each.Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I System Concepts: Definition, characteristics, elements & types of system.System development life cycle: Recognition of need: Feasibility study Section II system analysis-introduction, information collection, interviews, questionnaires, observation, record searc hing and document analysis, analysis tools, data flow diagram, data dictionary, decision tree, structured English and decision table. Section III System Design: The process and stages of systems design, input/output and file design; System Implementation: System implementation, system testing, implementation process and implementation methods; system maintenance. BCA-203.MATH-I (DISCRETE MATHS) INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. ________________________ ____________________________________________ Section I Set theory. Relations and functions: Set notations and description, subsets, basic set operations. Venn diagrams, laws of set theory, partition of sets, min sets, duality principle, basic definitions of relations and functions, graphics of relations, properties of relations; injective, surjective and bijective functions, composition. Section II Combinations: Rule of products, permutations, combinations.Algebra of Logic: Propositions and logic operations, truth tables and propositions generated by set, equivalence and implication laws of logic, mathematical system, and propositions over a universe, mathematical induction, quantifiers. Recursion and recurrence: The many faces of recursion, recurrence, relations, and some common recurrence relations, generating functions. Section III Graph theory: Various types of graphics, simple and multigraphs, directed and undirected graphs, Eulerian and Hamiltonian graph, graph connectivity, t raversals, graph optimizations, Graph coloring, trees, spanning trees, rooted trees, binary trees.BCA-204. DATA STRUCTURES INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. ____________________________________________________________________ Section I Introduction to Data Structure: Basic concept of data, Problem analysis , algorithm complexity, Big O notation and time space trade off. Stacks & Queues : Basics of stacks and queues, Recursion, Polish notation, circular Queues, priority Queues. Section II Linked Lists : Single linked list, circular linked list, doubly linked list and dynamic storage management, generalized list, Garbage Collection. Trees : Definition & Concepts, Basic trees, Binary tree representations, threaded storage representation, binary tree traversals, and application of trees.Section III Searching and sorting : use of various data structures for searching and sorting, linear and binary search, insertion sort, selection sort, merge sort, bubble sort, quick sort, Heap sort. BCA-205. DIGITAL CIRCUITS & LOGIC DESIGN INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III.The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I Introduction : Overview of number system and codes. Elements and functions of digital Logic gates, Gate propagation delay time, logic gates, Gate propagation delay time, and logic gate applications.Boolean algebra: Boolean operations, SOP and POS forms, and simplification using karnaugh maps, Realization of expressions using goals. Section II Combinational logical circuits: design of Binary Adder-Serial, Parallel, Carry look ahead type. Full subtractor, code converters, MUX and DEMUX, encoders and encoders. Sequential logic circuits: Flip flop: R-S, J-K, Master slave J-K, D and T flip-flops using nand gates. Section III Counters: Design of asynchronous and synchronous, updown and programmable counters. Registers: shift registers, various types and the ir applications.Detection and correction codes, detecting and correcting an error. SEMESER -3 BCA-301. MATHS – II (COMPUTER ORIENTED METHODS) INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section.INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I Matrix Algebra: Introduction of a matrix, its different kinds, matrix addition and scalar multiplication, Multiplication of matrices, Square matrix, Rank of a matrix, Transpose, Adjoint and Inve rse of a matrix Solving simultaneous equations using Gauss elimination method, Gauss Jorden Method and matrix inversion method Section II Statistics : Measures of central tendency.Preparing frequency distribution table, arithmetic mean, geometric mean, harmonic mean, median and mode. Measures of dispersion: Range, mean deviation, standard deviation, co-efficient of variation, moments, Skewness and Kurtosis Differential Calculus: Introduction, Differentiation, Derivative of a Function of One Variable, Power Function, Sum and Product of Two Functions, Function of a Function, Differentiation by method of substitution, Maxima and Minima Section III Integral Calculus: Indefinite Integral, Integration by substitution, integration by parts,, Integration by partial fractions, definite integral.Numerical integration : Trapezoidal method, simpson's 1/3 rule, simpson's 3/8 rule. BCA-302. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section.INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I Introduction to Systems and Basic Systems Concepts, Types of Systems, The Systems Approach, Information Systems: Definition & Characteristics, Types of Information, Role of Information in Decision – Making, Sub – Systems of an Information system: EDP and MIS, management levels, EDP/MIS/DSS.Section II An overview of Management Information System: Definition & Characteristics, Components of MIS, Frame Wor k for Understanding MIS: Robert Anthony's Hierarchy of Management Activity, Information requirements & Levels of Management, Simon's Model of decision- Making, Structured Vs Un-structured decisions, Formal Vs. Informal systems. Section III Developing Information Systems: Analysis & Design of Information Systems: Implementation & Evaluation, Pitfalls in MIS Development. Functional MIS: A Study of Marketing, Personnel, Financial and Production MIS. BCA-303.SOFTWARE ENGINEERING INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all q uestions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. ____________________________________________________________________ Section I Software: Characteristics, Components, Applications, Software Process Models: Waterfall, Spiral, Prototyping, Fourth Generation Techniques, Concepts of Project Management, Role of Metrics & Measurements. S/W Project Planning: Objectives, Decomposition techniques: S/W Sizing, Problembased estimation, Process based estimation, Cost Estimation Models: COCOMO Model, The S/W Equation, Section II System Analysis: Principles of Structured Analysis, Requirement analysis, DFD, Entity Relationship diagram, Data dictionary.S/W Design: Objectives, Principles, Concepts, Design methodologies: Data design, Architectural design, procedural design, Object -oriented concepts Section III Testing fundamentals: Objectives, principles, testability, Test cases: White box & Black box testing, Testing strategies: verification & validation, unit test, integration testing, v alidation testing, system testing BCA-304. OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING USING C++ INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each.The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I Introduction: Object oriented programming, characteristics of object orientated languages, classes, C++ basics: Program Statements, Variables and constants, Loops and Decisions.Functions: Defining a function, function arguments & passing by value, arrays & point ers, function & strings, functions & structures. Section II Classes & Objects: Defining class, class constructors and destructors, operator overloading. Class Inheritance: Derived class & base class; Virtual, Friends and Static functions; Multiple inheritance, Polymorphism. Section III Input/output files: Streams, buffers & iostreams, header files, redirection, file input and output. BCA-305. INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B.Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. ____________________________________________________________________ Section I Introduction to Microprocessor, its historical background and its applications. INTEL 8085 Introduction, Microprocessor Architecture and its operations, 8085 MPU and its architecture,8085 instruction cycle ,8085 Instructions :Data Transfer instructions, Arithmetic instructions, logical instructions, Branch instructions,RISC v/s CISC processors. Section II INTEL 8086 Introduction, 8086Architecture,real and Protected mode memory Addressing, Memory Paging Addressing Modes. Various types of instructions: Data movement, Arithmetic and logic; and program control.Type of instructions, Pin diagram of 8086, clock generator (8284A) Section III INTERRUPTS: Introduction, 8257 Interrupt controller, basic DMA operation and 8237 DMA Controller, Arithmetic coprocessor, 80X87 Architecture. SEMESER -4 BCA-401. COMPUTER NETWORKS INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly.Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I Data communications concepts: Digital and analog parallel and serial synchronous and asynchronous, simplex, half duplex, duplex, multiplexing. Communication channels: Wired transmissions: Telephone lines, leased lines, switch line, coaxial cables-base band, broadband, optical fiber transmission.Section II Wireless transmission: Microwave transmission, infrared transmission, laser transmission, radio transmission, and satellite tran smission. Communication switching techniques; Circuit switching, message switching, packet switching. Network reference models; Network topologies, OSI references model, TCP/IP reference model, comparison of OSI and TCI reference model. Section III Data link layer design issue: Services provided to the network layer, framing, error control, flow control HDLC, SDLC, data link layer in the internet (SLIP, PPP).MAC sub layer: CSMA/CD, IEEE standards, FDM, TDM, CDMA. The Network Layer: Design Issues, Routing Algorithms: Optimality principled, shortest path routing, Concept of Internet Working. BCA-402. DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly.Part A will car ry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I An overview of the DBMS: Concept of database system, Database Administrator and his responsibilities. Physical and Logical data independence. Three level Architecture of database system: the external level, conceptual level and the internal level.Introduction to Data Models: Entity Relationship Model, Hierarchical, Network and Relational Model. Comparison of Network, Hierarchical and Relational Model. Section II Relational data model: Relational database, relational algebra and calculus, SQL dependencies, functional, multi-valued and join, normalization. Section III Database protection: Recovery, concurrency, security, integrity and control. Distribute database: Structure of distributed database, design of distributed databases. BCA-403. COMPUTER SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B.Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________Section I Computer Organization & Design: Instruction codes, op-codes, Computer Registers, Computer Instructions, Timing and Control, Instruction Cycle, Memory reference instructions, CPU: Stack Organization, Instruction format, Addressing Formats. Section II Control Unit Architectu re, I/O Architecture: Transfer of Information among I/O devices, CPU, Memory and I/O ports. Section III Memory System: Storage technologies, Memory hierarchy, Memory mapping, Main memory and Auxiliary memory, Associative and Cache memory Introductory study of 8-bit Microprocessor BCA-404.OPERATING SYSTEMS INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. ____________________________________________________________________ Section I Introduction to Operating System, it s need and Operating System services; Operating System classification – single user, multi-user, simple batch processing, Multiprogramming, Multitasking, Parallel system, Distributed system, Real time system. Process Management : Process Concept, Process scheduling, Overview of InterProcess communication, Section II CPU Scheduling : Basic concepts, Scheduling Criteria, Scheduling Algorithms.Memory Management: Logical Versus Physical address space, Swapping Partition, paging and segmentation, concepts of Virtual Memory. File Management: File concept, access methods, Directory Structure, file protection. Allocation methods: Contiguous, linked and index allocation. Section III Deadlocks: Deadlock Characteristics, Prevention, Avoidance, Detection and Recovery, critical section, synchronization hardware, semaphores, combined approach to deadlock handling. Security: Authentication, Program Threats, System Threats, and Encryption. BCA-405.WORKSHOP ON VISUAL BASIC Develop an Applicat ion using Visual Basic Bank transactions management Hotel Management Gas agency management Office automation Railway reservation Computerisation course registration Hostel management Hospital management Inventory management Competitive examination database Air line reservation Transport management College admission Library management Note: Any Relational Database System can be used as back end. SEMESER -5 BCA-501. INTERNET APPLICATIONS AND JAVA INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B.Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 quest ions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I Introduction: Internet Architecture board, understanding the internet.Concept: Working, Surfing and security on the internet. Internet protocols Internet addressing, internet routing protocols internet message protocol, internet group management protocols, internet mail protocol. Internet applications: E-mail, multi cost backbone, net news. Web: World Wide Web advantages of web, web terminology, web access using web browser, locating information on the web. Section II Introduction to Java: Applets, application & JDK, different b/w Java & C++, working with Java objects: Encapsulation, inheritance & polymorphism, constructors.Garbage collection & finalisers, data types, modifies & expressions, array & flow control statements. Section III Exception handling threads, event handling, network programming & Java virtual machines, Java & databases. BCA-502. SYSTEM SOFTWARE INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly.Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I Introduction to software processors; elements of assembly language programming; assembly scheme, single pass and two pass assembler; general design procedure of a two pass assembler. Section II Macros and Macro processor: macro definition, macro expansion, and features of macro facility, design of macro processor.Overview of compilers – memory all ocation, lexical analysis, syntax analysis, Intermediate code generation and optimization – local and global optimization, code generation. Section III Loaders and linkage editors: Introduction to Loading, linking and relocation, program linking, linkage editors, dynamic linking, bootstrap loader. Other system software: Operating System, DBMS, Functions and structure of Text Editor. BCA-503. COMPUTER GRAPHICS INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each.Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. ___ __________________________________________________________________ Section I Input devices: Keyboard, Touch panel, light pens, Graphic tablets, Joysticks, Trackball, Data glove, Digitizers, Image scanner, Mouse, Voice & Systems.Hard copy devices: Impact and non impact printers, such as line printer, dot matrix, laser, ink-jet, electrostatic, flatbed and drum plotters. Section II Video Display Devices Refresh cathode -ray tube, raster scan displays, random scan displays, color CRT-monitors, direct view storage tube, flat-panel displays; 3-D viewing devices, raster scan systems, random scan systems, graphics monitors and workstations. Scan conversion algorithms for line, circle and ellipse, Bresenham's algorithms, area filling techniques, character generation.Section III 2-dimensional Graphics: Cartesian and Homogeneous co-ordinate system, Geometric transformations (translation, Scaling, Rotation, Reflection, Shearing), Two-dimensional viewing transformation and clipping (line, polygo n and text). 3-dimensional Graphics: Geometric transformations (translation, Scaling, Rotation, Reflection, Shearing), Mathematics of Projections (parallel & perspective). 3-D viewing transformations and clipping. BCA-504. OPERATION RESEARCH INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each.Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I Origin & development of O. R. , Nature & Characteristics features of O. R. Models & Modeling in Opera tion Research. Methodology of O. R. , General methods for solving O. R. Models, O. R. & Decision making, Application, Use & Limitations of O. R. Section II Linear Programming: formulation, Graphical, Big MMethod & Simplex Method, Duality in L. P. : Conversion of Primal to Dual only Transportation Problems: Test for Optimality, Degeneracy in Transportation Problems. Unbalanced Transportation, Assignment Problems, Traveling Salesman Problem. Section III Decision Making : Decision Making Environment, Decision under uncertainty, Decision under risk, Decision tree Analysis.Integer Programming and Dynamic Programming: Concept and Advantages only. SEMESER -6 BCA-601 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Section I Introduction to AI: Definitions, AI problems, the underlying assumption, and AI techniques, Level of Model, Criteria for Success. Problems, Problem Space and Search: defining the problem as a state space search, Production System, Problem Characteristics, Production System Characteristics, issu es in design of search programs. Section II Knowledge Representation Issues: representation and mapping, approaches to knowledge representation, issues in knowledge representation, the frame problem.Knowledge representation using predicate logic: representing simple facts in logic, representing instance and is a relationships, resolution Section III Weak -slot and -filler structures: semantic nets, frames as sets and instances. Strong slot and filler structures: Conceptual dependency, scripts, CYC. Natural language processing: syntactic processing, semantic analysis, discourse and pragmatic processing. BCA-602. HANDING OPERATING SYSTEMS INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each.Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I Handing Novel NetWare: Introduction, Installation, configuration, managing resources and users.Granting access rights to users. Handing Windows NT Server: Planning: Comparison of Microsoft OS (Windows 95, 98 NT workstation), Workgroups & Domains, choosing disk configuration, choosing Window NT protocols. Section II Installing & configuration Installing windows NT Server, Windows NT & registry, control panel, configuration protocols & bindings, network adapters, peripherals & devices, hard disk, printing & its client computer. Section III Managing resources: Managing users & group account, policies & profiles, system policy with system policy editor, disk resources, working with windows NT, the resources, UNC.Connectivity: Inter operating with NetWare, Configuring remote access service. BCA-603 . Software Lab – X (Major Project Phase – II) Continuation of Major Project started in V semester (Code Generation, system testing, Installation and operations & maintenance) BCA-607. Comprehensive Viva Voce Viva of Full syllabus studied under BCA course. Format of Project Report †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Title Cover Certificate from organozation about your stay (Project Duration) at that place and about submission of work done under external guide at the place of training.Certificate from your guide about the submission of work done under his/her guidance, Internal Supervisor. Table of Contents, abstract of the project (abstract of actual workdone). A brief overview of the organization (regarding function area, location, division in whi ch you are working, turnover) Profile of problems assingned. Study of existing system, if any. System requirements Product Definition Problem Statement Function to be Provided Processing Environment: H/W, S/W.Solution Strategy Acceptance Criteria Feasibility Analysis Project Plan Team Structure Development Schedule Programming Languages And Development Tools †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ System Requirement Specifications Developing / Operating / Maintenance Environments External Interface And Data Flows User display and report format, user command summary High level DFD and data dictionary Functional and performance specifications Design Detailed DFD’s and structure diagrams Data structures, database and file specifications Pseudocode Test Plan Functional, Performance, Stress tests etc.Implementation / Conversion Plan Project Legacy Current status of project Remaining areas of concern Technical and managerial lessons learnt Future recommendations Bibliography Source Code (if available) Note: – The above is meant to serve as a guideline for preparation of your project report. You may add to, modify or omit some of the above-mentioned points depending upon their relevance to your project. You may also consult your internal supervisor for the same.