Perspectives on the Book of Job Essay -- The Book of Job Essays

  Ã‚      The Book of Job is one of the three books in the Hebrew bible whose genre is described as wisdom literature.1   Certainly the Book of Job satisfies the literary conventions that qualify a biblical book for such status. 2   Yet Job may be associated with wisdom in a much more literal sense.   The Book of Job attempts to deal with a problematic question that confronts suffering humanity: why do bad things happen to good people?   The variety and vehemence of commentators' contemporary responses to this chapter of the Bible is testament to the continued relevance of the Book of Job's wisdom thousands of years after it was written.   Although the commentators examined herein arrive at differing and sometimes conflicting conclusions after reading the story of "the holy Arab"3, none are left indifferent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first commentator under consideration is Martin Buber in an excerpt from his Darko shel miqra'4.   Buber draws an apt parallel between the Book of Job and the proceedings in a court of law, casting God as judge and Job as prosecution.   In Buber's legal parallel, Job demands what in an earthly court of law would amount to due process, or a fair trial.   And yet, even as Buber confers the legitimacy of a court of law on Job's complaints, Buber suggests that Job knew his appeal was "suppressed from the start."5   Buber cites Job: "Though I am right, my mouth will condemn me!"6   By highlighting the justness of Job's claims and the non-existent chance of a divine finding in Job's favour, Buber stresses how human justice and divine justice diverge.   This difference is highlighted further by discussion of how Job is made to suffer hinnam, or gratuitously, from both God and Job's perspective.7   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rather than condem... ...sterton, G. K..   "Introduction to The Book of Job."   The Hebrew Bible In Literary Criticism.   Ed. and Comp. Alex Preminger and Edward L. Greenstein.   New York: Ungar, 1986.   449-50. Frick, Frank S..   A Journey Through The Hewbrew Scriptures.   New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1995. Hey, Tony and Patrick Walters.   Einstein's Mirror.   Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Jung, C. G..   Answer to Job. The Hebrew Bible In Literary Criticism.   Ed. and Comp. Alex Preminger and Edward L. Greenstein.   New York: Ungar, 1986.   454-5. Kroll, Paul. â€Å"The Trial of Job†. Grace Communion: International. Grace Communion International, 2013. 26 February 2015. Renà © de Chateaubriand, Franà §ois.   The Beauties of Christianity.   The Hebrew Bible In Literary Criticism.   Ed. and Comp. Alex Preminger and Edward L. Greenstein.   New York: Ungar, 1986.   445.

Oops (Bca)

Punjab Technical University Jalandhar Syllabus Scheme (1st to 6th Semester) For Bachelors in Computer Applications (BCA) Applicable from August 2005 & Onwards STUDY SCHEME FOR BCA SEMESTER -1 Code BCA-101 BCA-102 BCA-103 BCA-104 BCA-105 BCA-106 BCA -107 BCA -108 TOTAL SEMESTER -2 Code BCA-201 BCA-202 BCA-203 BCA-204 BCA-205 BCA -206 BCA -207 TOTAL Subject Principles of Management System Analysis & Design Math-I (Discrete) Data Structures Digital Ckt. & Logic Design Hardware Lab-I (BC -205) Software Lab-III (BC-204) L 48 48 48 24 32 200 P 0 0 0 24 16 40 TOTAL 48 48 48 48 48 240 INT. 5 25 25 25 25 25 25 175 EXT. 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 525 TOTAL MARKS 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 700 Subject Introduction to Information Technology Math (Bridge Course) Basic Accounting Programming in C Communication Skills (Business Communication) Communication & Soft Skills Software Lab –I(BC-101 & 103 Software Lab –II(BC-104) L 24 48 32 24 48 30 206 P 24 0 16 24 0 64 TOTAL 48 48 48 48 48 30 2 70 INT. 25 25 25 25 25 50 25 25 225 EXT. 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 525 TOTAL MARKS 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 750SEMESTER – 3 Code BCA-301 BCA-302 BCA-303 BCA-304 BCA-305 BCA -306 BCA -307 TOTAL SEMESTER -4 Code Subject L P TOTAL INT. EXT. TOTAL MARKS Subject Math-II (Computer Oriented Methods) Management Information Systems Software Engineering Object Oriented Programming in C++ Introduction to Microprocessor Software Lab –IV (BC-304) Hardware Lab –II (BC-305) L 30 40 40 32 32 174 P 18 0 0 32 16 66 TOTAL 48 40 40 64 48 240 INT. 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 175 EXT. 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 525 TOTAL MARKS 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 700 BCA-401 BCA-402 BCA-403 BCA-404 BCA -405 BCA -406 BCA -407Computer Networks Data Base Management System Computer System Architecture Operating System Workshop on Visual Basic Software Lab –V (BC-402) Software Lab –VI (BC-405) Unix /Linux 36 40 48 36 24 144 0 20 0 12 24 96 36 60 48 48 48 240 25 25 25 25 100 25 25 250 75 75 75 75 0 75 75 450 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 700 SEMESTER -5 Code BCA-501 BCA-502 BCA-503 BCA-504 BCA -505 BCA -506 BCA -507 TOTAL Subject Internet Applications and Java System Software Computer Graphics Operation Research Software Lab –VII (Major Project I) Software Lab –VIII (BC-501) Software Lab –IX (BC-503) 148 L 36 36 36 40 P 36 0 12 0 44 92 TOTAL 72 36 48 40 44 240 INT. 5 25 25 25 25 25 25 175 EXT. 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 525 TOTAL MARKS 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 700 SEMESTER -6 Code BCA-601 BCA-602 BCA -603 BCA -604 BCA -605 BCA -606 BCA -607 TOTAL Subject Artificial Intelligence Handling Operating Systems Software Lab –X (Major Project II) Software Lab –XI (Web Designing) Software Lab –XII (BC-602) Seminar (BC-603) Comprehensive Viva-Voce L 48 48 96 P 0 48 80 16 144 TOTAL 48 96 80 16 240 INT. 25 25 25 25 25 100 225 EXT. 75 75 75 75 75 100 525 TOTAL MARKS 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 700 SEMESER -1 BCA-101 .Introduction to Information Techn ology INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. ____________________________________________________________________ Section I Computer Fundamentals: Number Systems, History of Computers, Block diagram of computer & detailed significance of each part. Study of I/O devices : Keyboard, Hard disk, Floppy disk, CD-ROM, DVD, Plotters, Scanners, mouse, Printers: Dot matrix, Laser, Thermal Inkjet, VDU. Section II Primary & secondary memories. Introduction to Operatin g Systems & its functions Definition of Simple batch processing, multiprogramming, multiprocessing, real-time, time-sharing systems, Concept of Spooling, Section III Typical DOS commands, making simple batch files.Application of Computers in various fields : Defense, Industry, Management, Sports, Commerce, Internet. omputer and communication: Single user, Multi-user, Workstations, and Overview of LAN, WAN: Overview of modem, E-Mail, Fax Internet facilities through WWW BCA-102. BRIDGE COURSE IN MATHEMATICS INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III.The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I Set relations and functions: elements of a set, methods of describing a set, types of set, Venn diagram, operations on sets, union, interSection Ind difference of set, Duality, partioning of a set, trigonometric functions.Section II Binomial theorem and principle of mathematics induction Introduction to matrix, properties of matrix; evaluation of determinant, minor and cofactors and properties of determinant Section III Statistics: introduction to statistics, collection, and tabulation of data, mean, median and mode. BCA-103. Basic Accounting Section I Basic Accounting: Introduction, importance and scope, concepts and conventionsGenerally accepted accounting principles-double entry framework Basic concepts of Journals, ledgers, purchase book, sales book, cashbook. Section II Preparation of financial statements: Profit and loss account and balance sheet.Nature, scope, advantage and limitations of management accounting. Section III Sources of raising of capital in corporate undertaking –simple treatment to issue of shares, forfeiture of shares and re – issue of forfeited shares. Application of computers in accounting. BCA-104. Programming in ‘C’ INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly.Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _______________________________________________________________ ______ Section I Fundamentals: Character set, Identifiers & Keywords, Data Types, constants, set, constants, variables, expressions, statement, symbolic constants. Operations and expressions: Arithmetic operators, unary operators, relational and logical operators, assignment and conditional operators, and library functions.Data input and output: Preliminaries, single character input, single character output, entering input data, more about the scanf function, writing output data, more about printf function, the gets and puts function, interactive programming. Section II Control statements: Preliminaries, while, do-while and for statements. Nested loops, if else, switch, break continue statement. Functions: Brief overview, defining accessing function, passing perimeters to function, specifying argument data types, function prototype and recursion.Program structure: Storage classes, automatic, external, and static variables, more about library functions. Array: defining and processing an array, passing pointers to a function, pointer and one dimensional arrays, operations on pointers, passing functions multidimensional arrays of pointers, passing functions to the other functions, more about pointer declarations. Section III Structure And Unions: Defining and processing a structure, user defined data types, structure and Pointers, passing structure to function, self-referential structures, and unions.Data files: Opening, closing, creating, and processing and unformatted data field. C-programming applications: Sorting (Bubble sort, Selection sort), Searching (Binary search, Linear Search). BCA-105. COMMUNICATION SKILLS (BUSINESS COMMUNICATION) INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the enti re syllabus uniformly.Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I Introduction to Business Communication: Meaning and Definition, Process and Classification of communication, Elements & Characteristics of communication. Corporate communication: Formal and Informal Communication, Grapevine, Communication barriers, Importance of communication. Section II Principles of Effective Communications: 7 Cs ConceptWritten communication: Meaning, objectives and essentials of effective written communication, media or types of Written communication. Non – Verbal Communication: Importance, forms or Media, Kinesics. Effective Listening: meaning, nature and importance of good listening, types of listening Principles of effective listen ing, factors affecting listening, barriers in listening, difference between hearing and listening. Section III Writing Skills – Short Compositions: Classified Advertisements, Situation Vacant, Situation wanted, Career Guidance, Counseling, Lost and found, Sale / Purchase, To – let.Notices – General / Public Notices, Tender Notices, Auction Notices. Letter Writing: Official letters, Placing orders, Sending Replies, Letters to Editors, Application for job. Comprehension Passages (From text book only comprehension question should be asked, No general question) BCA-106. COMMUNICATION AND SOFT SKILLS Essentials of Grammar: Parts of Speech, Punctuation, Vocabulary Building, Phonetics Office Management : Types of Correspondence, Receipt and Dispatch of Mail, Filing Systems, Classification of Mail. Role & Function of Correspondence, MIS, Managing Computer Letter & Resume Writing: Types of Letters-Formal / Informal, Importance and Function, Drafting the Applications, Ele ments of Structure, Preparing the Resume, Do’s & Don’ts of Resume, Helpful Hints Presentation Skills: Importance of Presentation Skills, Capturing Data, Voice & Picture Integration, Guidelines to make Presentation Interesting, Body Language, Voice Modulation, Audience Awareness, Presentation Plan, Visual Aids, Forms of Layout, Styles of Presentation.Interview Preparation: Types of Interview, Preparing for the Interviews, Attending the Interview, Interview Process, Employers Expectations, General Etiquette, Dressing Sense, Postures & Gestures Group Discussion & Expressions, Evaluation Presentation: Definition, Process, Guidelines, Helpful (Note: Every student shall be given 15 minutes. of presentation time & 45 minutes of discussion on his/ her presentation. ) The student will be evaluated on the basis of : his / her presentation style Feedback of Faculty & Students General Etiquette Proficiency in Letter Drafting / Interview PreparationThe paper is internal and at leas t 3 tests will be taken. Best 2 of 3 shall account for final grades (70% Test & 30% Presentation) SEMESER -2 BCA-201. PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly.Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I Forms of business organizations and ownership: Sole proprietorship, Partnership, Joint stock company, Public & Private undertakings, Government companies. Management: Meaning & definition of managemen t, nature, scope and its various functions.Section II Planning : nature and purpose, types, steps in planning ,decision making : Strategic , tactical and operational decision, decision making process, rationality in decision making. Organizing : nature, importance, the organizing process, organizational objectives, formal and informal organization, organization chart, span of management : factors determining effective span, Departmentation : definition, departmentation by function, by territory, product/service customer group ; management by objectives (MBO), Delegation, Decentralization v/s centralization.Section III Staffing : definition, manpower management, factors affecting staffing, Recruitment and selection , Performance appraisal . Motivation: theories of Motivation; hierarchy of needs theory, theory of X and theory of Y. Leadership : styles, theories of leadership : trait approach and situational approach, managerial grid. Controlling : meaning & nature , steps in controlli ng , essentials of effective control systems. BCA-202. SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each.Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I System Concepts: Definition, characteristics, elements & types of system.System development life cycle: Recognition of need: Feasibility study Section II system analysis-introduction, information collection, interviews, questionnaires, observation, record searc hing and document analysis, analysis tools, data flow diagram, data dictionary, decision tree, structured English and decision table. Section III System Design: The process and stages of systems design, input/output and file design; System Implementation: System implementation, system testing, implementation process and implementation methods; system maintenance. BCA-203.MATH-I (DISCRETE MATHS) INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. ________________________ ____________________________________________ Section I Set theory. Relations and functions: Set notations and description, subsets, basic set operations. Venn diagrams, laws of set theory, partition of sets, min sets, duality principle, basic definitions of relations and functions, graphics of relations, properties of relations; injective, surjective and bijective functions, composition. Section II Combinations: Rule of products, permutations, combinations.Algebra of Logic: Propositions and logic operations, truth tables and propositions generated by set, equivalence and implication laws of logic, mathematical system, and propositions over a universe, mathematical induction, quantifiers. Recursion and recurrence: The many faces of recursion, recurrence, relations, and some common recurrence relations, generating functions. Section III Graph theory: Various types of graphics, simple and multigraphs, directed and undirected graphs, Eulerian and Hamiltonian graph, graph connectivity, t raversals, graph optimizations, Graph coloring, trees, spanning trees, rooted trees, binary trees.BCA-204. DATA STRUCTURES INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. ____________________________________________________________________ Section I Introduction to Data Structure: Basic concept of data, Problem analysis , algorithm complexity, Big O notation and time space trade off. Stacks & Queues : Basics of stacks and queues, Recursion, Polish notation, circular Queues, priority Queues. Section II Linked Lists : Single linked list, circular linked list, doubly linked list and dynamic storage management, generalized list, Garbage Collection. Trees : Definition & Concepts, Basic trees, Binary tree representations, threaded storage representation, binary tree traversals, and application of trees.Section III Searching and sorting : use of various data structures for searching and sorting, linear and binary search, insertion sort, selection sort, merge sort, bubble sort, quick sort, Heap sort. BCA-205. DIGITAL CIRCUITS & LOGIC DESIGN INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III.The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I Introduction : Overview of number system and codes. Elements and functions of digital Logic gates, Gate propagation delay time, logic gates, Gate propagation delay time, and logic gate applications.Boolean algebra: Boolean operations, SOP and POS forms, and simplification using karnaugh maps, Realization of expressions using goals. Section II Combinational logical circuits: design of Binary Adder-Serial, Parallel, Carry look ahead type. Full subtractor, code converters, MUX and DEMUX, encoders and encoders. Sequential logic circuits: Flip flop: R-S, J-K, Master slave J-K, D and T flip-flops using nand gates. Section III Counters: Design of asynchronous and synchronous, updown and programmable counters. Registers: shift registers, various types and the ir applications.Detection and correction codes, detecting and correcting an error. SEMESER -3 BCA-301. MATHS – II (COMPUTER ORIENTED METHODS) INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section.INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I Matrix Algebra: Introduction of a matrix, its different kinds, matrix addition and scalar multiplication, Multiplication of matrices, Square matrix, Rank of a matrix, Transpose, Adjoint and Inve rse of a matrix Solving simultaneous equations using Gauss elimination method, Gauss Jorden Method and matrix inversion method Section II Statistics : Measures of central tendency.Preparing frequency distribution table, arithmetic mean, geometric mean, harmonic mean, median and mode. Measures of dispersion: Range, mean deviation, standard deviation, co-efficient of variation, moments, Skewness and Kurtosis Differential Calculus: Introduction, Differentiation, Derivative of a Function of One Variable, Power Function, Sum and Product of Two Functions, Function of a Function, Differentiation by method of substitution, Maxima and Minima Section III Integral Calculus: Indefinite Integral, Integration by substitution, integration by parts,, Integration by partial fractions, definite integral.Numerical integration : Trapezoidal method, simpson's 1/3 rule, simpson's 3/8 rule. BCA-302. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section.INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I Introduction to Systems and Basic Systems Concepts, Types of Systems, The Systems Approach, Information Systems: Definition & Characteristics, Types of Information, Role of Information in Decision – Making, Sub – Systems of an Information system: EDP and MIS, management levels, EDP/MIS/DSS.Section II An overview of Management Information System: Definition & Characteristics, Components of MIS, Frame Wor k for Understanding MIS: Robert Anthony's Hierarchy of Management Activity, Information requirements & Levels of Management, Simon's Model of decision- Making, Structured Vs Un-structured decisions, Formal Vs. Informal systems. Section III Developing Information Systems: Analysis & Design of Information Systems: Implementation & Evaluation, Pitfalls in MIS Development. Functional MIS: A Study of Marketing, Personnel, Financial and Production MIS. BCA-303.SOFTWARE ENGINEERING INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all q uestions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. ____________________________________________________________________ Section I Software: Characteristics, Components, Applications, Software Process Models: Waterfall, Spiral, Prototyping, Fourth Generation Techniques, Concepts of Project Management, Role of Metrics & Measurements. S/W Project Planning: Objectives, Decomposition techniques: S/W Sizing, Problembased estimation, Process based estimation, Cost Estimation Models: COCOMO Model, The S/W Equation, Section II System Analysis: Principles of Structured Analysis, Requirement analysis, DFD, Entity Relationship diagram, Data dictionary.S/W Design: Objectives, Principles, Concepts, Design methodologies: Data design, Architectural design, procedural design, Object -oriented concepts Section III Testing fundamentals: Objectives, principles, testability, Test cases: White box & Black box testing, Testing strategies: verification & validation, unit test, integration testing, v alidation testing, system testing BCA-304. OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING USING C++ INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each.The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I Introduction: Object oriented programming, characteristics of object orientated languages, classes, C++ basics: Program Statements, Variables and constants, Loops and Decisions.Functions: Defining a function, function arguments & passing by value, arrays & point ers, function & strings, functions & structures. Section II Classes & Objects: Defining class, class constructors and destructors, operator overloading. Class Inheritance: Derived class & base class; Virtual, Friends and Static functions; Multiple inheritance, Polymorphism. Section III Input/output files: Streams, buffers & iostreams, header files, redirection, file input and output. BCA-305. INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B.Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. ____________________________________________________________________ Section I Introduction to Microprocessor, its historical background and its applications. INTEL 8085 Introduction, Microprocessor Architecture and its operations, 8085 MPU and its architecture,8085 instruction cycle ,8085 Instructions :Data Transfer instructions, Arithmetic instructions, logical instructions, Branch instructions,RISC v/s CISC processors. Section II INTEL 8086 Introduction, 8086Architecture,real and Protected mode memory Addressing, Memory Paging Addressing Modes. Various types of instructions: Data movement, Arithmetic and logic; and program control.Type of instructions, Pin diagram of 8086, clock generator (8284A) Section III INTERRUPTS: Introduction, 8257 Interrupt controller, basic DMA operation and 8237 DMA Controller, Arithmetic coprocessor, 80X87 Architecture. SEMESER -4 BCA-401. COMPUTER NETWORKS INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly.Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I Data communications concepts: Digital and analog parallel and serial synchronous and asynchronous, simplex, half duplex, duplex, multiplexing. Communication channels: Wired transmissions: Telephone lines, leased lines, switch line, coaxial cables-base band, broadband, optical fiber transmission.Section II Wireless transmission: Microwave transmission, infrared transmission, laser transmission, radio transmission, and satellite tran smission. Communication switching techniques; Circuit switching, message switching, packet switching. Network reference models; Network topologies, OSI references model, TCP/IP reference model, comparison of OSI and TCI reference model. Section III Data link layer design issue: Services provided to the network layer, framing, error control, flow control HDLC, SDLC, data link layer in the internet (SLIP, PPP).MAC sub layer: CSMA/CD, IEEE standards, FDM, TDM, CDMA. The Network Layer: Design Issues, Routing Algorithms: Optimality principled, shortest path routing, Concept of Internet Working. BCA-402. DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly.Part A will car ry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I An overview of the DBMS: Concept of database system, Database Administrator and his responsibilities. Physical and Logical data independence. Three level Architecture of database system: the external level, conceptual level and the internal level.Introduction to Data Models: Entity Relationship Model, Hierarchical, Network and Relational Model. Comparison of Network, Hierarchical and Relational Model. Section II Relational data model: Relational database, relational algebra and calculus, SQL dependencies, functional, multi-valued and join, normalization. Section III Database protection: Recovery, concurrency, security, integrity and control. Distribute database: Structure of distributed database, design of distributed databases. BCA-403. COMPUTER SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B.Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________Section I Computer Organization & Design: Instruction codes, op-codes, Computer Registers, Computer Instructions, Timing and Control, Instruction Cycle, Memory reference instructions, CPU: Stack Organization, Instruction format, Addressing Formats. Section II Control Unit Architectu re, I/O Architecture: Transfer of Information among I/O devices, CPU, Memory and I/O ports. Section III Memory System: Storage technologies, Memory hierarchy, Memory mapping, Main memory and Auxiliary memory, Associative and Cache memory Introductory study of 8-bit Microprocessor BCA-404.OPERATING SYSTEMS INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. ____________________________________________________________________ Section I Introduction to Operating System, it s need and Operating System services; Operating System classification – single user, multi-user, simple batch processing, Multiprogramming, Multitasking, Parallel system, Distributed system, Real time system. Process Management : Process Concept, Process scheduling, Overview of InterProcess communication, Section II CPU Scheduling : Basic concepts, Scheduling Criteria, Scheduling Algorithms.Memory Management: Logical Versus Physical address space, Swapping Partition, paging and segmentation, concepts of Virtual Memory. File Management: File concept, access methods, Directory Structure, file protection. Allocation methods: Contiguous, linked and index allocation. Section III Deadlocks: Deadlock Characteristics, Prevention, Avoidance, Detection and Recovery, critical section, synchronization hardware, semaphores, combined approach to deadlock handling. Security: Authentication, Program Threats, System Threats, and Encryption. BCA-405.WORKSHOP ON VISUAL BASIC Develop an Applicat ion using Visual Basic Bank transactions management Hotel Management Gas agency management Office automation Railway reservation Computerisation course registration Hostel management Hospital management Inventory management Competitive examination database Air line reservation Transport management College admission Library management Note: Any Relational Database System can be used as back end. SEMESER -5 BCA-501. INTERNET APPLICATIONS AND JAVA INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B.Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 quest ions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I Introduction: Internet Architecture board, understanding the internet.Concept: Working, Surfing and security on the internet. Internet protocols Internet addressing, internet routing protocols internet message protocol, internet group management protocols, internet mail protocol. Internet applications: E-mail, multi cost backbone, net news. Web: World Wide Web advantages of web, web terminology, web access using web browser, locating information on the web. Section II Introduction to Java: Applets, application & JDK, different b/w Java & C++, working with Java objects: Encapsulation, inheritance & polymorphism, constructors.Garbage collection & finalisers, data types, modifies & expressions, array & flow control statements. Section III Exception handling threads, event handling, network programming & Java virtual machines, Java & databases. BCA-502. SYSTEM SOFTWARE INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each. Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly.Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I Introduction to software processors; elements of assembly language programming; assembly scheme, single pass and two pass assembler; general design procedure of a two pass assembler. Section II Macros and Macro processor: macro definition, macro expansion, and features of macro facility, design of macro processor.Overview of compilers – memory all ocation, lexical analysis, syntax analysis, Intermediate code generation and optimization – local and global optimization, code generation. Section III Loaders and linkage editors: Introduction to Loading, linking and relocation, program linking, linkage editors, dynamic linking, bootstrap loader. Other system software: Operating System, DBMS, Functions and structure of Text Editor. BCA-503. COMPUTER GRAPHICS INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each.Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. ___ __________________________________________________________________ Section I Input devices: Keyboard, Touch panel, light pens, Graphic tablets, Joysticks, Trackball, Data glove, Digitizers, Image scanner, Mouse, Voice & Systems.Hard copy devices: Impact and non impact printers, such as line printer, dot matrix, laser, ink-jet, electrostatic, flatbed and drum plotters. Section II Video Display Devices Refresh cathode -ray tube, raster scan displays, random scan displays, color CRT-monitors, direct view storage tube, flat-panel displays; 3-D viewing devices, raster scan systems, random scan systems, graphics monitors and workstations. Scan conversion algorithms for line, circle and ellipse, Bresenham's algorithms, area filling techniques, character generation.Section III 2-dimensional Graphics: Cartesian and Homogeneous co-ordinate system, Geometric transformations (translation, Scaling, Rotation, Reflection, Shearing), Two-dimensional viewing transformation and clipping (line, polygo n and text). 3-dimensional Graphics: Geometric transformations (translation, Scaling, Rotation, Reflection, Shearing), Mathematics of Projections (parallel & perspective). 3-D viewing transformations and clipping. BCA-504. OPERATION RESEARCH INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each.Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I Origin & development of O. R. , Nature & Characteristics features of O. R. Models & Modeling in Opera tion Research. Methodology of O. R. , General methods for solving O. R. Models, O. R. & Decision making, Application, Use & Limitations of O. R. Section II Linear Programming: formulation, Graphical, Big MMethod & Simplex Method, Duality in L. P. : Conversion of Primal to Dual only Transportation Problems: Test for Optimality, Degeneracy in Transportation Problems. Unbalanced Transportation, Assignment Problems, Traveling Salesman Problem. Section III Decision Making : Decision Making Environment, Decision under uncertainty, Decision under risk, Decision tree Analysis.Integer Programming and Dynamic Programming: Concept and Advantages only. SEMESER -6 BCA-601 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Section I Introduction to AI: Definitions, AI problems, the underlying assumption, and AI techniques, Level of Model, Criteria for Success. Problems, Problem Space and Search: defining the problem as a state space search, Production System, Problem Characteristics, Production System Characteristics, issu es in design of search programs. Section II Knowledge Representation Issues: representation and mapping, approaches to knowledge representation, issues in knowledge representation, the frame problem.Knowledge representation using predicate logic: representing simple facts in logic, representing instance and is a relationships, resolution Section III Weak -slot and -filler structures: semantic nets, frames as sets and instances. Strong slot and filler structures: Conceptual dependency, scripts, CYC. Natural language processing: syntactic processing, semantic analysis, discourse and pragmatic processing. BCA-602. HANDING OPERATING SYSTEMS INSTRUCTIONS FOR PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of Two parts, A and B. Part A will have 15 short answer questions (40-60 words) of 2 marks each.Part B will have 12 long answer questions of 5 marks each. The syllabus of the subject is divided into 3 sections I, II and III. The question paper will cover the entire syllabus uniformly. Part A will carry 5 questions from each Section Ind Part B will carry 4 questions from each section. INSTRUCTION FOR CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt all questions from Part A and 9 questions of Part B out of 12. _____________________________________________________________________ Section I Handing Novel NetWare: Introduction, Installation, configuration, managing resources and users.Granting access rights to users. Handing Windows NT Server: Planning: Comparison of Microsoft OS (Windows 95, 98 NT workstation), Workgroups & Domains, choosing disk configuration, choosing Window NT protocols. Section II Installing & configuration Installing windows NT Server, Windows NT & registry, control panel, configuration protocols & bindings, network adapters, peripherals & devices, hard disk, printing & its client computer. Section III Managing resources: Managing users & group account, policies & profiles, system policy with system policy editor, disk resources, working with windows NT, the resources, UNC.Connectivity: Inter operating with NetWare, Configuring remote access service. BCA-603 . Software Lab – X (Major Project Phase – II) Continuation of Major Project started in V semester (Code Generation, system testing, Installation and operations & maintenance) BCA-607. Comprehensive Viva Voce Viva of Full syllabus studied under BCA course. Format of Project Report †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Title Cover Certificate from organozation about your stay (Project Duration) at that place and about submission of work done under external guide at the place of training.Certificate from your guide about the submission of work done under his/her guidance, Internal Supervisor. Table of Contents, abstract of the project (abstract of actual workdone). A brief overview of the organization (regarding function area, location, division in whi ch you are working, turnover) Profile of problems assingned. Study of existing system, if any. System requirements Product Definition Problem Statement Function to be Provided Processing Environment: H/W, S/W.Solution Strategy Acceptance Criteria Feasibility Analysis Project Plan Team Structure Development Schedule Programming Languages And Development Tools †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ System Requirement Specifications Developing / Operating / Maintenance Environments External Interface And Data Flows User display and report format, user command summary High level DFD and data dictionary Functional and performance specifications Design Detailed DFD’s and structure diagrams Data structures, database and file specifications Pseudocode Test Plan Functional, Performance, Stress tests etc.Implementation / Conversion Plan Project Legacy Current status of project Remaining areas of concern Technical and managerial lessons learnt Future recommendations Bibliography Source Code (if available) Note: – The above is meant to serve as a guideline for preparation of your project report. You may add to, modify or omit some of the above-mentioned points depending upon their relevance to your project. You may also consult your internal supervisor for the same.

The War Of 1812 Was A Major Part Of History - 983 Words

The War of 1812 was a major part of history in America’s battle to become independent. This was the United States â€Å"Second War for Independence† from the British. After the War of 1812 there were major consequences that would change the lives of the Americans forever. Both industry and foreign relations were heavily impacted after the war. Industry flourished with new technology, the idea of interchangeable parts and the cotton gin. The cotton gin saved valuable time and interchangeable parts made mass manufacturing easier for things like guns and shoes. Foreign relations also improved with the Monroe Doctrine in 1823 and the Manifest Destiny in 1840. (Tell me how briefly, so one brief example each) In the 1800’s the United States economy was thriving due to an increase in domestic trade and mass manufacturing, while foreign relations improved, and a friendship with Great Britain was made. Prior to the War of 1812 America attempted to remain neutral regarding the war between Great Britain and France. George Washington, who was president at the time, even created the Neutrality Proclamation in an effort to keep the young nation out of conflicts abroad. However, persistent harassment from Great Britain and France at sea, including trade restrictions and impressment, caused America’s neutrality to be threatened. Both countries did this by blockading ports of trade and by creating commercial sanctions. Foreign trade had been booming prior to the war for the United States; sinceShow MoreRelatedWar of 18121643 Words   |  7 PagesThe War of 1812 was a war between Britain and the United States fought primarily in Upper Canada. It had many causes, few which involved British North America. The results of the war include the fact that there was no clear winner or loser among them. The only real losers in the situation were the Natives in the region. They were driven out of their lands and customs. None of the borders was changed by the war, though many attempts were made. The Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war, did nothingRead MoreAbout the Key Players in Dennis Carter-Edwards’ article The War of 1812 Along the Detroit Frontier: A Canadian Perspective741 Words   |  3 PagesCarter-Edwards’ article The War of 1812 Along the Detroit Frontier: A Canadian Perspective covers the theme of local history during the 19th century in Detroit. In particular, Carter-Edwards explores the Canadian perspective of the war of 1812 in the Windsor-Detroit region. The author examines three big categories; the measures that the British took to defended the area, the factors that influenced British decisions, and the power players that played a role on the outcome of the war. The article is an in-depthRead More War of 1812 Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The War of 1812 was a war between Britain and the United States fou ght primarily in Upper Canada. It had many causes, few which involved British North America. The results of the war include the fact that there was no clear winner or loser among them. The only real losers in the situation were the Natives in the region. They were driven out of their lands and customs. None of the borders was changed by the war, though many attempts were made. The Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war, did nothingRead More19th Century American History: Americas Second War of Independence1649 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿19th Century American History Introduction The United States of 1812 1840 rode a roller coaster of exciting expansion, deep financial crisis and rising nationalism. American pre-war tendency to explore and assume the West was empowered by the wars end, military bounties, improved transportation and the governments sometimes euphemistic descriptions of the West. The excesses of this Era of Good Feeling, combined with international and national factors, plunged America into the Panic of 1819Read MoreThe War of 1812: A Report702 Words   |  3 PagesThe War of 1812 The War of 1812 was a conflict between the United States, who had only achieved independence from their British oppressors less than 40 years before, and the British Empire, including Canada. The conflict between the United States and the British Empire lasted approximately two years and eight months. There are many factors that led to the United States declaring war on the British Empire including trade restrictions that were put in place because of the conflict between the BritishRead MoreCause And Effects Of The War Of 18121061 Words   |  5 PagesEdgar Vasquez Mr. Gill AP USH 9 October 2017 War of 1812 The War of 1812 is one of many wars that the USA will go through. The war is the first war that the new America would take part of and will be the first time the USA will declare war. The war lasted from June of 1813 to February of 1815, this is a span of two years and eight months. The war was fought by the United State verses the British. The war took place in many locations around the world which include the United States, Canada, onRead MoreThe War Of New Orleans Essay1254 Words   |  6 Pagesbody_americanperspective_warof1812_2.jpg The War of 1812 is probably our most obscure conflict. Although a great deal has been written about the war, the average American is only vaguely aware of why we fought or who the enemy was. Even those who know something about the contest are likely to remember only a few dramatic moments, such as the writing of â€Å"The Star-Spangled Banner,† the burning of the nation’s capital, or the Battle of New Orleans. Why is this war so obscure? One reason is that noRead MoreNew Englander s Opposition Of The War Of 18121132 Words   |  5 PagesNew Englander’s Opposition to the War of 1812 The War of 1812 was predominantly fought between the United States and the United Kingdom for a variety of complex reasons but most notably was caused by Britain’s inability to treat the newly-freed America as anything but a colonial body. Americans were overall outraged into war by their own government’s sanctioned trade embargoes, the impressments of seamen by the United Kingdom, and interpersonal negative sentiments that greatly restricted America’sRead MoreThe History of Canada1059 Words   |  4 PagesThe History of Canada Canada is a nation located in the upper region of the North American continent. The land of Canada had a history dating back to before the founding of said country as an independent sovereign nation. Events that sparked involvement with the affairs other nations began before and during the war of eighteen twelve. The political unit of Canada also had some influential political figures, a prime example being Pierre Elliott Trudeau who was the prime minister of Canada for sixteenRead MoreThe Causes And Outcomes Of The French And Indian War1485 Words   |  6 PagesCauses and Outcomes of the French and Indian War, the American Revolution, and the War of 1812. The wars prior to the Civil War may have taken place at different times throughout our history, they all feed into to one another like a river feeds a lake and a lake feeds into a river. It may have not seemed like it in the beginning but each one had a lasting effect and direct connection to the events of the future wars. All the wars prior to the Civil War had a direct purpose to building one of the

Motivation in Learning Englishl - 3449 Words

MOTIVATION IN LEARNING ENGLISH Argument Learners’ motivation has become more commonly recognized as perhaps the major determining factor for successful learning in general, whether one is a high school student pushing ones way through the battery of required courses needed to graduate, or an adult learner taking distance education courses. In any learning setting, the dynamics of motivation will be different. What will help a high school student sustain motivation may not apply to an adult learner, for example. Similarly, what factors affect and enhance learner motivation in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) setting (in our case) will differ as well. Furthermore, motivation for EFL learners in a middle school or high school class†¦show more content†¦A new acquaintance: ‘ I want to emigrate to Canada, together with my husband, and we have already started the procedures. My husband has a cousin that lives in Toronto, and this will be our destination. My husband speaks English fluently, but I stud ied only Russian and French in school, so, I do have worries about the interview with the immigration officer. Our success depends partly on me being able to prove I will easily integrate into the new country and that I can find a job as soon as possible. Our level of language will influence the amount of money we are asked as a ‘fee’’ A parent: ‘I keep telling my daughter to learn English and I hope she does. She knows I have failed an interview for a job abroad in the constructions field, in Great Britain. Only those who had minimal English knowledge were admitted. One should have English speaking skills nowadays†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ I cannot say I have experience in teaching adults, but I offered a ‘helpful hand’ to some of my close friends eager to ‘start to learn English’ and I could arrive at some conclusions: - Adults in some ways are easy to teach because they have a high degree of extrinsic motivation. They make the choice of taking English classes and sometimes they make a financial commitment to their learning. - In the case of adult beginners the goals (learning a certain piece of language, for example) are easy to perceive and relatively easy to achieve, since everything is new and anything learnt is a success. - With

John Stuart Mill s Utilitarianism - 1553 Words

John Stuart Mill begins the explanation of his version of Utilitarianism by replying to common misconceptions that people hold regarding the theory, and as a result describes his own theory more clearly. The main issue that Mill raises is that people misinterpret the word â€Å"utility† as in opposition to â€Å"pleasure†. However, utility is actually defined as pleasure itself and also the absence of pain. â€Å"Those who know anything about the matter, from Epicurus to Bentham, who maintained the theory of utility meant by it, not something contradistinguished from pleasure, but pleasure itself and the exemption of pain.† (Mill, Utilitarianism, Chapter 2) Mill continues by explaining that once this misunderstanding is corrected, those that comprehend utility, or ‘the greatest happiness principle’, appreciate that â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness† (Mill, Chapter 2). By this account, pleasure and the absence of pain are the only things desirable as ends in themselves; the only inherently â€Å"good† things. Consequently, all other experiences and situations are merely desirable to the extent that they provide a basis or springboard for such pleasures. However, it is still important to understand that utilitarianism doesn’t simply require people to follow what makes them happy in a personal sense. Instead, in Mill’s theory morality is determined by the greatest happiness principle: a moral act is thatShow MoreRelatedJohn Stuart Mill s Utilitarianism1771 Words   |  8 Pages John Stuart Mill s Utilitarianism Throughout Philosophy, morality is a central component. Although, each scholar views the definition of morality differently, the common underlining theme is that of individuals striving to become better and think for themselves. Morality plays a big part in utilitarianism. Many philosophers have defined utilitarianism in a variety of different ways like Jeremy Bentham who believes an action is right if happiness is promoted and wrong if it reverse happiness, includingRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s On Liberty And Utilitarianism Essay2257 Words   |  10 PagesThis essay examines and inspects liberty and order conflict based on the writings of philosopher John Stuart Mill, titled On Liberty and Utilitarianism. We will discuss how his philosophical views on equality as fundamental to what it means to be human. We will interpret John Stuart Mill’s theorist view on equality as fundamental to the good or bad functioning of the state? The question and debate we would also raise will be, is equality be integral the arrangements of power? Lastly, we wouldRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Doctrine And Utilitarianism1802 Words   |  8 PagesThe approach that I strongly agree is the John Stuart Mill’s doctrine and Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is a moral approach that believes `` the supreme principle of morality is to produce as much happiness as possible`` (118). And ``There is in reality nothing desired except happiness`` (118). Utilitarianism evaluates the action according on the amount of happiness. The good action is the one that its result is the most desirable happiness. I choose this approach because I think, if every personRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Utilitarianism Essay1381 Words   |  6 Pagesresult of there being many different theories, some can overlap while others can vary greatly. The two most widely known theories, Utilitarianism and Deontological ethics, greatly conflict with each other. They differ mostly in what they value most, the outc ome vs. the action/motive. John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism itself differs from the original form of Utilitarianism created by Jeremy Bentham. Bentham felt that pleasure was wholly good, and that pain to the lone evil in the world, as he said, â€Å"NatureRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Utilitarianism1642 Words   |  7 Pagesa wide range of interpretations, as well as having no clear meaning. John Stuart Mill, an English philosopher, based his controversial sentiments of happiness on Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism, believing that goods are the means to greatest happiness for the greatest number of peoples. Epicurus, an Ancient Greek philosopher, who similarly encouraged people to follow his pleasure based philosophy to obtain happiness. Unlike Mill, Epicurus’ philosophy is based on individualistic hedonism, which oftenRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Book, Utilitarianism870 Words   |  4 PagesIn John Stuart Mill’s book, Utilitarianism (1863) he challenges many critics that are against his theory. One of which is the claim that Utilitarianism is a swine doctrine. They interpret the theory by saying a humans ultimate goal in life, is that of a swine; pleasure in the absence of pain. It is quite an understandable remark, but definitely is an over analyzed critique, in my opinion. Mill however replies to the critics in grave detail, defending his theory. Although many strengths and weaknessesRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Version Of Utilitarianism2088 Words   |  9 Pagespain is the only thing undesirable as an end. Everything else is good or evil as it tends to promote pleasure or pain*. I will argue that pain should be considered as a means as well as an end and show that this is consistent with John Stuart Mill’s version of Utilitarianism. Conjoining the consideration of pain as a means and the notion of association of ideas, I will give what I hope is a unique explanation as to why higher pleasures are so often considered supe rior to lower pleasures. Finally IRead MoreUtilitarianism And Its Flaws Of John Stuart Mill s Defends Utilitarianism Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesEthics from a Global Perspective 7 December 2016 Utilitarianism and its Flaws John Stuart Mill’s defends utilitarianism, an ethical theory according to which, as he puts it, â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness† (155 Ethics). In other words, actions are morally right if they make us happy and actions are morally wrong if they make us unhappy. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory in which an action is morally rightRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Moral Theory Of Utilitarianism1514 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Stuart Mill wrote on his moral theory of Utilitarianism, which many have refuted by explaining that it failed to respect the dignity and worth of human beings. Mills theory of utility bases an actions morality on its ability to create the maximum amount of happiness. Happiness as described by Mill, is the maximization of pleasure over grief. Some critics have even said that Mill’s theory degraded humans to swine as it belittled morals to come from pleasu res of the body that even animals hadRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Utilitarianism And Immanuel Kant s Categorical Imperative1487 Words   |  6 Pagesthemselves with, but two major categories of moral philosophy are the most popular and the most debated. These are John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism and Immanuel Kant’s Categorical Imperative. In looking at the three trolley cases, one can align themselves with either Mill, Kant or create their own perspective. Utilitarianism is defended by Mill in his writing entitled Utilitarianism. This method of deciphering good versus bad is rather simple. The Principle of Utility states that â€Å"Actions are

Twelfth Night, 3.1.1-26 Free Essays

Michael Nodurft English 208 Mrs. Walter Twelfth Night, 3. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Twelfth Night, 3.1.1-26 or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1-26 Jan. 30 2007 True Lies Reading this conversation between Viola and Feste the clown there is definite multiple meanings to each of the words that they both say. You can tell that Viola’s wit is matched to Feste’s which makes this conversation so cleverly written. This passage offers pun’s to the audience who understand that Cesario is truly Viola. And have Feste hinting that he knows Viola’s hidden identity. This passage offers hints to the truth of the Viola and the fact that Feste is truly not the fool that everyone believes he is. In this passage I will prove that this conversation is crucial to the plot, and defines beoth of these characters roles. When Feste enters the room he is playing his pipe and tabor, and is being his normal fool self. The first couple lines are normal speech when Viola asks, â€Å"Dost thou live by thy tabor? †3. 1. 1-2 I like how Viola used the word tabor because it is the perfect description of Feste personality, the way he is always playing games with people for money. When Feste’s witty remarks are matched by Viola, Feste begins his more intellectual wittiness. â€Å"A sentence is but a cheverel glove to a good wit,†3. . 10-11 In this sentence you tell that there is a deeper meaning when Feste is talking about a glove. The way that Feste describes the glove to Viola is interesting because when a person uses a glove it is normally hiding the hand. Feste has stumble onto a crucial part of the play making the plot much sweeter for the audience because they know t he truth about Viola and he doesn’t; Cesario is the glove to Viola. This is perfect not only is the fool being a mocked in the play; his fooling is now involving the audience making subtle hints of something he does not know. The next line Feste says is â€Å"How quickly the wrong side may be turned outward. †3. 1. 11-12 I like this comparison between the glove turning outward and Viola trying to keep her cover, because Viola doesn’t know what Feste knows. Another note that I stumbled on when reading this scene was the fact that Feste repeated the word â€Å",Sir,† when he was addressing Viola. When you look into Feste’s lines it is almost like he is mocking the word sir by putting a coma before and after. I can see the imagery of Feste’s face when he pauses and announces â€Å",sir,† I can see his eyes looking into Viola’s almost jesting that he knows that she is not truly a sir but a woman. It seems like Feste knows a lot but I don’t really think he entire understand it yet. So for the audience who knows Cesario is a woman, it is quite enjoyable seeing Feste sort of stuck in the dark and not truly understanding everything. This is how Feste obtains both the fool in the play and to the audience. Another idea that I have thought about was what is Feste hiding? Feste is the loveable fool that plays tricks for money, but is that his true nature? I believe that the â€Å"glove† sentence applies to both characters Viola and Feste. Viola is trying to keep her cover, but one slip up and she could be uncovered causing terrible trouble. On the other hand Feste, if his cover of being a fool is blown then he has no way of living. If one was thinking hard about this speech Feste is talking about himself. Being witty and fun, but at the same time scared to let his more intelligent side out. He has to purposely put himself outside of the box so that no one can understand his true meaning of life. The way that this passage is put together it is not rhythmic at all. The lines don’t flow together like other parts of the play. There is no iambic pentameter is these sentences they are either too long, or too short. I think that Shakespeare purposely made these lines uncut and off rhythm for a reason. This reason is that Feste is a fool and is always being witty never making a direct point. Viola is fooling right back and not being entirely serious as well. From a literary stand point having the fool talk in such a manner makes them both out of the box or â€Å"party†. It makes sense that Feste talks in such a manner in the play, but I like how Viola’s lines are almost the reiterating the argument that Feste and Viola are very similar characters with their wit. I have showed the evidence threw out my paper proving the idea that Feste and Viola are very much alike. I have shown you the style on how they talk to each other using the wit to the best of their abilities. I have proved the non rhythmic lines that complement the fact that both characters are intelligent fools that think they know what they are talking about but are still in the dark. The fact that Feste is messing with Viola the way he does, shows that he has some knowledge on her true identity. The way that Feste mocks Viola makes this passage so important to the plot of the play because of the funny pun’s it gives the audience; hinting at the fact that Cesario is the glove to Viola. All of this evidence digs deeper into this passage and pulls out the hidden pun’s and messages that you couldn’t see with one glance, and enriches the story with hidden thoughts. Shakespeare, William. â€Å"Twelfth Night. â€Å"The Norton Shakespeare based on the oxford edition. 1997. How to cite Twelfth Night, 3.1.1-26, Essay examples

Business Law Pharmaceutical Society

Question: Discuss about the Business Law for Pharmaceutical Society. Answer: Introduction: The formation of a valid contract requires in the first place an offer that is valid, the willingness of the parties contracting in line with the specific terms are defined by it. Further, the main intent behind these terms is to ensure that the offer becomes binding on the persons as soon the same are accepted. In the case of Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemicals, it was opined that the products which the shops display are for customers to choose from however offer would only be there when an offer is made by the customer for buying. In the given case, Alan is the intent of buying liquor and goes to a shop with liquor on display. Thus since he had gone to the shop and was looking at the different types of liquor available, it indicated that there was the invitation to treat. Though normally such a case would lead to there being an intention for creating a relationship that is legal (legal intention) however that is not the case in the given situation. The of feror, in this case, is Ben has made to Alan, who insisted on buying Russian Vodka a counter offer. Thus, affirming the fact that there has been a nullification of the invitation to treat factor. However since Alan was insisting on buying only Russian distilled vodka it was assured by Ben, as an offeror, that the product that was being supplied by him was the product that Alan required. As had been held in the case of Bannerman vs. White (Bannerman vs. White, 1861) that when there is the specific term that has been communicated to the offeror by the offeree the same shall be held to be binding on the offeror. Thus in the given scenario there is an offer that has been made which is in furtherance of the intention. There has been acceptance by Alan of the offer that Ben has been, and he has paid the consideration for buying of the three bottles of items that he preferred. This payment was acknowledged by Ben by way of a receipt which stated that "Product sold are not refundable nor the seller responsible for the safety of the Products thus being a proof of a valid transaction. Legal capacity is an essential element of a valid contract meaning thereby a person who is a minor (in Singapore from March 3009 the age of the minor is 18 years) or a person who is incapacitated mentally cannot form a valid contract. Isn the given case of Ben and Alan, it has been mentioned that Alan is an avid drinker, therefore, it is not possible for Alan to be minor and it is assumed that he has attained the legal age. Therefore Alan being the offeree is an adult. On the other hand, Ben who is the offeror is an employee though the legal working age in Singapore is 14 years however it has not been stated in the case study that Ben is a minor. Therefore an assumption is made that he has attained the legal age. Further it can also be noted from the situation that both Ben and Alan are not mentally incapacitated since Ben was able to explain to Alan the drinks that were available with him and Alan was able to put forth the specific preference that was required by him with respect to the drinks and was able to carry the whole transaction out without any issues. Thus since they have both attained legal age and both are not incapacitated legally they would hence be bound by the contract formed between them. Thus taking into account that there has been a valid offer and acceptance, there was an intention to form a legal relationship, payment of consideration, as well as the fact that there existed the legal capacity to enter into the contract. There has been a valid contract between Ben and Alan. However, it can be further observed that though Ben had reassured on the quality of the product, there was misrepresentation on his part which led to consequences that proved dangerous. Thus this representation on his part amounts to cheating. Thus since this is the contract which has been induced by way of misrepresentation the same maybe set aside. In this case, Ben who is the seller is a liquor shop's salesperson, and he has sold either on purpose of unknowingly liquor that that is illicit to Alan, who is the buyer. In the case of Rowland v. Divall (Rowland v. Divall, 1923) it was opined by the court if any items possession is by way of unethical method or means that are illegal the it would not be deemed to be justifiable. It is thus necessary to provide what has been insisted thus since Alan had already described that he needed Russian Vodka and Ben had reassured that the same was being provided thereby attracting section 13(1) of the Sale of Goods Act (Act). However, in the given situation Ben is only a salesperson of the store it is probable that he sold the illicit liquor unintentionally. It is not possible for Ben to make out with naked eyes it is an illicit alcohol. It was not until the alcohol had been consumed by Alan and his friends drank the drink there was no suspicion that was raised regarding the quality of the product. Thus unless there was scientific testing of the drink it could not have been proved that it was not safe to drink. Thus as per section 14(2A) the product meets the satisfactory quality under Section 14(2B) since any reasonable man would have concluded the same (Compact Metal Industries Ltd v PPG Industries (Singapore) Ltd ([2006] SGHC 242, National Foods Ltd v Pars Ram Brothers (Pte) Ltd [2007] 2 SLR(R) 1048). However notwithstanding anything under section 14(2B) of the Act, there can be a case which is brought under the section 14(3) of the Act since it is necessary for the product that was purchased to serve the purpose that it had been purchased for. In the case of Frost v. Aylsbury (Frost v. Aylsbury Dairy Co. Ltd., 1905), it had been held that where the drinks were bootleg they were not considered fit for purpose and hence the purpose was defeated. Further in the situation wherein it is required by the buyer that there are certain qualities which are required by the good to possess that are special and it is made known to the seller regarding the same then under section 14(3) the standards would apply which are much higher than those who have been placed under section 14(2). In such a case there would be liability upon the seller even if there is the general satisfaction with the quality of the product (National Foods Ltd v Pars Ram Brothers (Pte) Ltd, 2007). Thus it may be held ultim ately that charges are faced by Ben. The receipt is only an acknowledgement by a party that they have received from the individual who has been mentioned on the receipt the payment which has been mentioned in the receipt. Receipt forms only the prima evidence that there exists between the parties a contract. The receipt is a mere acknowledgement and not any contract's express term. Thus what has been printed on the receipt which has been given to Alan by Ben there is presumption which is clear that it is not contractual in nature, and there is no effect that is legal which is attached to the same. It is only when terms are implied either during of before the formation of the contract either by writing or orally the same can be deemed to be contractual in nature. However with respect to the receipt, it is after the contract that the term is incorporated. In the case of Olley v. Marlborough Court case (Olley v. Marlborough Court Hotel, 1949), it had been held that for a term to be considered a being incorporated in the contract, it is necessary that the notice of the same should have been given either at the same time or before the formation of the contract (Articles and conditions of building contract, 2011). In the case of Alan and Ben, the receipt was issued after the consideration had been given thus it is only after the formation of the contract that the receipt was provided thus making it post-contractual in nature, therefore, making it an invalid receipt that is not binding legally. Also in the case of Parker v. SE Railway Co. (Parker v. SE Railway Co., 1877), 1877 the ju ry had opined that not reading the conditions of the ticket is reasonable since it is only a receipt and receipt is not a part of a contract, and exclusion clause can only be in the contract. Reasonableness is another factor that needs to be taken into account when ti comes to exclusion clause. Where the product sold by Ben came with a receipt that stated Product sold are not refundable nor the seller responsible for the safety of the products. it is a generic statement which has been mentioned thus being limitless and denies the wrongdoings and the responsibility related to it. Thus being a term that is unreasonable it would not be enforceable. As it was opined in the case law of George Mitchell v Finney Lock Seeds (1983) (George Mitchell v Finney Lock Seeds, 1983) that the breach would not be discovered by the buyer unless there was processing or consumption and thus are unreasonable clause and can be strike down under section 6(3) of the UCTA. The drink had been bought by Alan for entertaining his friends. Thus as per the principle of neighbour the friends of Alan who are drinking the alcohol bought from Ben qualify as neighbours. There is proximity that is close between Ben and friends of Alan since there is the likelihood of Alan's friends drinking that vodka as well. Thus there is the duty of care that is owed in a situation where it can been reasonably foreseen that due to any omission or act of the defendant harm may be caused to the plaintiff (Donoghue v Stevenson, 1932). It was in the case of Donoghue v. Stevenson that the principle of product liability was established stating that even in cases where there was no proximity there existed between the parties a duty to care. It was foreseeable that the boot leg vodka would cause on consumption harm to Alan and his friends. In the landmark case of Wyong Shire Council v Shirt (1980) (Wyong Shire Council v Shirt, 1980), the test of objectivity test determines harm's foreseeability which would be a possible result of the action of the defendant. Therefore there was a duty of care that was owed towards Alans friends by Ben and since he did not comply with the same Alans friends had to suffer health complications. Holding the case under the Chapter 53B of the "Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act" would benefit the Friends of Alan where there is enforcement provision of the third party contract terms. The friends will be able to qualify under it under the aspect of neighbourhood principle and shall have the remedy under this Act (Holly, 2016). There is also the relation between the negligence of Ben and the harm caused to the Alan's friends. It is necessary under causation that harm's necessary condition should be negligence, and it is within the scope of liability of the defendant that harm is falling. The causation and remoteness issues are tended to separately, the test which is key is the but for test which questions whether the loss would have been sustained but for the defendant's negligence. In the case of Barnett v. Chelsea and Kensington HMC (1969) (Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington, 1969) is a leading case in this respect wherein it was stated if not for the fact that there were doctors to attend the patient the patient would have survived. Thus in case of Alan's friends the liquor that had been supplied by Ben had it not been for this harmful alcohol they would not have fallen sick, and hence the harm is within Ben's scope of liability.s However considering the various aspects, in my opinion, it is more probable that the case will be in favor of Alan and his friends since there is the duty on Ben to check the vodka's labels before selling them to ensure such incidents do not occur. References Articles and conditions of building contract.(2011). Singapore. Bannerman vs. White, 10 CBNS 844 (1861). Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington, HMC (1969). Donoghue v Stevenson, AC 562, 580. (1932). Frost v. Aylsbury Dairy Co. Ltd., 1 KB 608 (1905). George Mitchell v Finney Lock Seeds, 2 AC 803 (1983). Holly, L. (2016). An overview and analysis of the National Unfair Contract Terms Provisions.Epublications.bond.edu.au. Retrieved 23 June 2016, from https://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1396context=law_pubs Neyers, J., Bronaugh, R., Pitel, S. (2009).Exploring contract law. Oxford: Hart Pub. Olley v. Marlborough Court Hotel, 1 KB 532 (1949). Parker v. SE Railway Co., 2 CPD 416 (1877). Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd., 1 Q.B. 401 (1953). Rowland v. Divall, 2 KB 500 (1923). Wyong Shire Council v Shirt, HCA 12 (1980).